Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Basic and Translational Research
Effect of 4 Weeks Resonance Frequency Breathing on Glucose Metabolism and Autonomic Tone in Healthy Adults: Benedict Herhaus, Andreas Peter, Julia Hummel, Thomas Kubiak, Martin Heni, Katja Petrowski; Received October 19, 2024 Accepted February 3, 2025 Published online April 3, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0647 [Epub ahead of print]

363 View
26 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
The autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in the brain’s communication with metabolically important peripheral organs, modulating insulin sensitivity and secretion. Increased sympathetic tone is a common feature in prediabetes and diabetes. The parasympathetic nervous system activity might be improvable through resonance frequency breathing (RFB) with heart rate variability biofeedback (HRV-BF) training.
Methods
We here investigated the effect of a 4-week mobile RFB-HRV-BF intervention on glucose metabolism and HRV of 30 healthy adults (17 females; mean age 25.77±3.64 years; mean body mass index 22.65±2.95 kg/m²). Before and after the intervention, glucose metabolism was assessed by 75 g oral glucose tolerance tests (with blood sampling every 30 minutes over 2 hours) and HRV was measured through electrocardiography.
Results
RFB-HRV-BF training did not influence glucose metabolism in healthy adults but reduced fasting as well as 2-hour-postload glucose in participants categorized as more insulin resistant before the intervention. In addition, RFB-HRV-BF training was associated with an increase in the time and frequency domain HRV parameters standard deviation of all NN-intervals, root mean square successive differences, HRV high-frequency and HRV low-frequency after 4 weeks of intervention.
Conclusion
Our findings introduce RFB-HRV-BF training as an effective tool to modulate the autonomic nervous system with a shift towards the parasympathetic tone. Along with the observed decrease in glycemia in those with lower insulin sensitivity, RFB-HRV-BF training emerges as a promising non-pharmacological approach to improve glucose metabolism which has to be further investigated in prediabetes and diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes
Global Burden of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Related Chronic Kidney Disease among Adolescents and Young Adults, and Projections to 2035: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021: Xiaoli Qu, Chongbin Liu, Lin Sun, Zhifeng Sheng; Received September 4, 2024 Accepted December 12, 2024 Published online March 10, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0544 [Epub ahead of print]

857 View
76 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
Type 1 diabetes mellitus related chronic kidney disease (T1DM-CKD) presents a global health challenge, with unclear trends and patterns among adolescents and young adults. This study analyzed the burden and risk factors of T1DM-CKD in individuals aged 15 to 39 from 1990 to 2021 and predicted future trends.
Methods
Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021, we analyzed the prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and average annual percentage change (AAPC) of T1DM-CKD among youth across gender, sociodemographic index (SDI) areas, and data from 21 regions and 204 countries and territories. Risk factors were assessed and future trends were projected.
Results
Between 1990 and 2021, the global prevalence of T1DM-CKD aged 15 to 39 increased by 107.5% to 3.32 million, with an age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) of 111.44 per 100,000 (AAPC 1.33%). Incidence rose by 165.4% to 14,200, with an agestandardized incidence rate of 0.48 per 100,000 (AAPC 2.19%). However, age-standardized mortality rate (0.50 per 100,000, AAPC –0.87%) and age-standardized DALYs rate (30.61 per 100,000, AAPC –0.83%) decreased. ASPR increased across all SDI regions, especially in high-SDI countries. High fasting glucose remained the major risk factor influencing DALYs. By 2035, T1DM-CKD prevalence was projected to decrease to 2.86 million (ASPR 89.67 per 100,000).
Conclusion
The research revealed a global increase in T1DM-CKD among youth, with a shift towards younger onset and significant variations based on gender and location, emphasizing the importance of early prevention and management strategies for this demographic.

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
Prevalence, Incidence, and Metabolic Characteristics of Young Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in South Korea (2010–2020): Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(2):172-182. Published online March 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0826

1,583 View
204 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
This study aimed to examine trends in the prevalence, incidence, metabolic characteristics, and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among young adults in South Korea.
Methods
Young adults with T2DM were defined as individuals aged 19 to 39 years who met the diagnostic criteria for T2DM. Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Customized Database (2010–2020, n=225,497–372,726) were analyzed to evaluate trends in T2DM prevalence, incidence, metabolic profiles, comorbidities, and antidiabetic drug prescription. Additional analyses were performed using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Results
The prevalence of T2DM in young adults significantly increased from 1.02% in 2010 to 2.02% in 2020 (P<0.001), corresponding to 372,726 patients in 2020. Over the same period, the incidence rate remained stable within the range of 0.36% to 0.45%. Prediabetes prevalence steadily increased from 15.53% to 20.92%, affecting 3.87 million individuals in 2020. The proportion of young adults with T2DM who were obese also increased, with 67.8% having a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m² and 31.6% having a BMI ≥30 kg/m² in 2020. The prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver disease also increased, reaching 34.2%, 79.8%, and 78.9%, respectively, in 2020. Although the overall pharmacological treatment rate remained low, the prescription of antidiabetic medications with weight-reducing properties increased over the study period.
Conclusion
The prevalence of T2DM among young adults in South Korea nearly doubled over the past decade. The strong association with obesity and metabolic comorbidities emphasizes the urgent need for targeted prevention and management strategies tailored to this population.

Guideline/Statement/Fact Sheet
Diabetes Fact Sheets in Korea 2024: Se Eun Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Ji Yoon Kim, Kyuho Kim, Joon Ho Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Kyung Do Han, Sung Hee Choi, Bong Soo Cha; Diabetes Metab J. 2025;49(1):24-33. Published online January 1, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0818

5,536 View
461 Download
4 Web of Science
7 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, management, and comorbidities of diabetes mellitus among Korean adults.
Methods
Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019–2022) were analyzed to assess the prevalence, treatment, risk factors, and comorbidities of diabetes. Comparisons between young and older adults with diabetes were emphasized.
Results
Among Korean adults aged ≥30 years, the prevalence of diabetes is 15.5% during 2021–2022. Of these, 74.7% were aware of their condition, 70.9% received antidiabetic treatment, and only 32.4% achieved glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <6.5%. Moreover, 15.9% met the integrated management targets, which included HbA1c <6.5%, blood pressure <140/85 mm Hg, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL. In young adults aged 19 to 39 years, the prevalence of diabetes was 2.2%. Among them, 43.3% were aware of their condition, 34.6% received treatment, and 29.6% achieved HbA1c <6.5%. Obesity affected 87.1%, and 26.9% had both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Among adults aged ≥65 years, the prevalence of diabetes was 29.3%, with awareness, treatment, and control rates of 78.8%, 75.7%, and 31.2%, respectively. Integrated management targets (HbA1c <7.5%, hypertension, and lipids) were achieved by 40.1%.
Conclusion
Diabetes mellitus remains highly prevalent among Korean adults, with significant gaps in integrated glycemic, blood pressure, and lipid control. Older adults with diabetes show higher awareness and treatment rates but limited integrated management outcomes. Young adults with diabetes bear a significant burden of obesity and comorbidities, alongside low awareness and treatment rates. Therefore, early intervention programs, education, and strategies tailored to younger populations are urgently required.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Diabetes in Korean Adults: Prevalence, Management, and Comorbidities
Sung Hoon Yu
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(1): 22. CrossRef
Effectiveness of adding glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist on diabetes complications and mortality among basal insulin-treated people with type 2 diabetes: A real-world Korean study
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Won Kim, Dong Han Kim, Dae Jung Kim
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2025; 39(5): 108983. CrossRef
A Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Diabetic Kidney Disease in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kyung Ae Lee, Jong Seung Kim, Yu Ji Kim, In Sun Goak, Heung Yong Jin, Seungyong Park, Hyejin Kang, Tae Sun Park
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(6): 2065. CrossRef
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: What’s the Optimizing Policies for Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases?
Tae Sun Park
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 169. CrossRef
Older Adults with Diabetes in Korea: Latest Clinical and Epidemiologic Trends
Kyuho Kim, Bongseong Kim, Kyuna Lee, Yu-Bae Ahn, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung Hee Choi, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Seung Yun
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2025; 49(2): 183. CrossRef
How Do We Diagnose Diabetes in Primary Care?
Hyeong Jin Kim
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2025; 26(1): 10. CrossRef
Prevention and Management of Prediabetes
Jae Min Lee
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2025; 26(1): 18. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Association of Uterine Leiomyoma with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Young Women: A Population-Based Cohort Study: Ji-Hee Sung, Kyung-Soo Kim, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1105-1113. Published online August 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0444

2,092 View
161 Download

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
We investigated the association between uterine leiomyoma (UL) and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in young women.
Methods
A nationwide population-based cohort study of 2,541,550 women aged between 20 and 40 years was performed using the National Health Information Database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the risk of incident T2DM according to the presence of UL and myomectomy.
Results
The mean age was 29.70 years, and mean body mass index was 21.31 kg/m2. Among 2,541,550 participants, 18,375 (0.72%) women had UL. During a median 7.45 years of follow-up, 23,829 women (0.94%) were diagnosed with T2DM. The incidence of T2DM in women with UL (1.805/1,000 person-years) was higher than in those without UL (1.289/1,000 person-years). Compared with women without UL, women with UL had a higher risk of incident T2DM (hazard ratio, 1.216; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.071 to 1.382). Women with UL who did not undergo myomectomy had a 1.505 times (95% CI, 1.297 to 1.748) higher risk for incident T2DM than women without UL. However, women with UL who underwent myomectomy did not have increased risk for incident T2DM.
Conclusion
Young women with UL were associated with a high risk of incident T2DM. In addition, myomectomy seemed to attenuate the risk for incident T2DM in young women with UL.

Short Communication

Others
Comparison of Insulin-Treated Patients with Ambiguous Diabetes Type with Definite Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Subjects: A Clinical Perspective: Insa Laspe, Juris J. Meier, Michael A. Nauck; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):140-146. Published online March 22, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0322

65,535 View
214 Download
1 Web of Science
1 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

In clinical practice, the distinction between type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) can be challenging, leaving patients with “ambiguous” diabetes type. Insulin-treated patients (n=115) previously diagnosed with T2DM had to be re-classified based on clinical phenotype and laboratory results, and were operationally defined as having an ambiguous diabetes type. They were compared against patients with definite T1DM and T2DM regarding 12 clinical and laboratory features typically different between diabetes types. Characteristics of patients with ambiguous diabetes type, representing approximately 6% of all patients with T1DM or T2DM seen at our specialized clinic, fell in between those of patients with definite T1DM and T2DM, both regarding individual features and with respect to a novel classification based on multi-variable regression analysis (P<0.0001). In conclusion, a substantial proportion of diabetes patients in a tertiary care centre presented with an “ambiguous” diabetes type. Their clinical characteristics fall in between those of definite T1DM or T2DM patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Technological functionality and system architecture of mobile health interventions for diabetes management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Xinran Yu, Yifeng Wang, Zhengyang Liu, Euitay Jung
Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

Original Articles

Complications
Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in Undiagnosed Diabetic Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Han Na Jang, Min Kyong Moon, Bo Kyung Koo; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):620-629. Published online February 23, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0099

6,115 View
236 Download
10 Web of Science
10 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
We investigated the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with undiagnosed diabetes through a nationwide survey, compared to those with known diabetes.
Methods
Among the participants of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) from 2017 to 2018, individuals aged ≥40 years with diabetes and fundus exam results were enrolled. Sampling weights were applied to represent the entire Korean population. Newly detected diabetes patients through KNHANES were classified under “undiagnosed diabetes.”
Results
Among a total of 9,108 participants aged ≥40 years, 951 were selected for analysis. Of them, 31.3% (standard error, ±2.0%) were classified under “undiagnosed diabetes.” The prevalence of DR in patients with known and undiagnosed diabetes was 24.5%±2.0% and 10.7%±2.2%, respectively (P<0.001). The DR prevalence increased with rising glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with known and undiagnosed diabetes (P for trend=0.001 in both). Among those with undiagnosed diabetes, the prevalence of DR was 6.9%±2.1%, 8.0%±3.4%, 5.6%±5.7%, 16.7%±9.4%, and 42.6%±14.8% for HbA1c levels of <7.0%, 7.0%–7.9%, 8.0%–8.9%, 9.0%–9.9%, and ≥10.0% respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, or obesity according to the presence or absence of DR.
Conclusion
About one-third of patients with diabetes were unaware of their diabetes, and 10% of them have already developed DR. Considering increasing the prevalence of DR according to HbA1c level was found in patients with undiagnosed diabetes like those with known diabetes, screening and early detection of diabetes and DR are important.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Retinal OCT-Derived Texture Features as Potential Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
Sara Oliveira, Pedro Guimarães, Elisa Julião Campos, Rosa Fernandes, João Martins, Miguel Castelo-Branco, Pedro Serranho, Paulo Matafome, Rui Bernardes, António Francisco Ambrósio
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.2025; 66(1): 7. CrossRef
Frequency and Pattern of Retinopathy in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Faisal Mehmood, Syed Abdullah Mazhar, Nesr Farooq, Muhammad Awais Afzal
Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences.2025; : 197. CrossRef
Retinal Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Early Detection to Personalized Treatment
Georgios Chondrozoumakis, Eleftherios Chatzimichail, Oussama Habra, Efstathios Vounotrypidis, Nikolaos Papanas, Zisis Gatzioufas, Georgios D. Panos
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(4): 1343. CrossRef
Detection Rate of Diabetic Retinopathy Before and After Implementation of Autonomous AI-based Fundus Photograph Analysis in a Resource-Limited Area in Belize
Houri Esmaeilkhanian, Karen Gutierrez, David Myung, Ann Fisher
Clinical Ophthalmology.2025; Volume 19: 993. CrossRef
Análisis de la prevalencia de la retinopatía diabética en un programa de cribado por telemedicina durante el periodo 2018 a 2023
Ó. García-Espinilla, P. Arlanzón-Lope, A. Novo-Díez, D.R. Llanos Ferraris, S. Ortiz-Toquero, P. de la Iglesia Rodríguez, M. López-Gálvez, J.C. Pastor
Archivos de la Sociedad Española de Oftalmología.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Risk factors of peripheral occlusive arterial disease in patients with diabetic retinopathy due to type 2 diabetes
Milos Maksimovic
Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo.2024; 152(1-2): 50. CrossRef
Gene Expression Analysis in T2DM and Its Associated Microvascular Diabetic Complications: Focus on Risk Factor and RAAS Pathway
Laxmipriya Jena, Prabhsimran Kaur, Tashvinder Singh, Kangan Sharma, Sushil Kotru, Anjana Munshi
Molecular Neurobiology.2024; 61(11): 8656. CrossRef
Trends and Barriers in Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2021
Min Seok Kim, Sang Jun Park, Kwangsic Joo, Se Joon Woo
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Novel Asian-Specific Visceral Adiposity Indices Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in Korean Adults
Jonghwa Jin, Hyein Woo, Youngeun Jang, Won-Ki Lee, Jung-Guk Kim, In-Kyu Lee, Keun-Gyu Park, Yeon-Kyung Choi
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 426. CrossRef
Prevalence of osteosarcopenic obesity and related factors among Iranian older people: Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program
Mozhgan Ahmadinezhad, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Noushin Fahimfar, Gita Shafiee, Iraj Nabipour, Mahnaz Sanjari, Kazem Khalagi, Mohammad Javad Mansourzadeh, Bagher Larijani, Afshin Ostovar
Archives of Osteoporosis.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Korean Children, Adolescents, and Adults Younger than 30 Years: Changes from 2002 to 2016: Yong Hee Hong, In-Hyuk Chung, Kyungdo Han, Sochung Chung, on Behalf of the Taskforce Team of the Obesity Fact Sheet of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(2):297-306. Published online October 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0038

12,109 View
420 Download
21 Web of Science
26 Crossref

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Despite the importance of and social concern regarding prevention of diabetes at younger ages, limited data are available. This study sought to analyze changes in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Koreans younger than 30 years according to sex, age, and level of income.
Methods
The dataset analyzed in this study was derived from health insurance claims recorded in the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. Participants’ level of income was categorized as low (quintile 1, <20% of insurance premium) or others (quintile 2–5).
Results
In males and females, the prevalence of T2DM per 10,000 people steadily increased from 2.57 in 2002 to 11.41 in 2016, and from 1.96 in 2002 to 8.63 in 2016. The prevalence of T2DM in girls was higher in the age group of 5 to 14 years. Even though the prevalence was higher among those older than 20 years, the increase had started earlier, in the early 2000s, in younger age group. Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in low-income families showed a remarkable increase in prevalence of T2DM, especially in boys.
Conclusion
The prevalence of T2DM in young Koreans increased more than 4.4-fold from 2002 to 2016, and the increase started in the early 2000s in younger age groups and in low-income families. This is the first study to examine the trend in prevalence of T2DM in children, adolescents, and young adults in Korea. Future studies and collaborations with social support systems to prevent T2DM at an early age group should be performed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Frequency and clinical characteristics of children and young people with type 2 diabetes at diagnosis from five world regions between 2012 and 2021: data from the SWEET Registry
Rosaria Gesuita, Alexander J. Eckert, Stéphane Besançon, Nancy A. Crimmins, Fred Cavallo, Jaehyun Kim, Craig Jefferies, Evelien F. Gevers, Anastasios Vamvakis, Sejal Shah, Shazhan Amed, Valentino Cherubini
Diabetologia.2025; 68(1): 82. CrossRef
New-Onset Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Korean Youths During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Da Hye Lee, Hwa Young Kim, Ji Young Park, Jaehyun Kim, Jae Hyeon Park
JAMA Pediatrics.2025; 179(2): 155. CrossRef
Clinical outcomes of roux-en-Y gastric bypass versus medical therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Dua Gul, Aimen Waqar Khan, Muhammad Abdurrahman Butt, Mahammed Khan Suheb, Sahil Sartaj, Sohanjeet Chabria, Rimsha Bint-e-Hina, Maryam Shaukat, Zeeshan Ali, Shirirang Kishor Bhurchandi, Abdul Ahad Syed, Mahima Khatri, Satesh Kumar
Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
An Exploratory Study on the Necessity and Promoting Strategies for School-Based Dietary Education: Focus Group Interviews with Home Economics Teachers
Seung Jae Lee, Ji Eun Oh, Kyung Won Lee
Human Ecology Research.2025; 63(1): 41. CrossRef
Prospective association between handgrip strength in childhood and the metabolic syndrome score and insulin resistance indices in adolescence: an analysis based on the Ewha Birth and Growth Study
Seunghee Jun, Hyunjin Park, Hyelim Lee, Hye Ah Lee, Young Sun Hong, Hyesook Park
Epidemiology and Health.2025; 47: e2025001. CrossRef
Cardiovascular Complications, Kidney Failure, and Mortality in Young-Onset Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: Data From the Korean National Health Insurance Service
Sung Eun Kim, Kyungdo Han, Won Kyoung Cho, Byung-Kyu Suh
Diabetes Care.2025; 48(3): 422. CrossRef
SCORE and SCORE2 in East Asian Population
JungMin Choi, Soseul Sung, Sue K. Park, Seyong Park, Hyoyeong Kim, Myeong-Chan Cho, Bryan Williams, Hae-Young Lee
JACC: Asia.2024; 4(4): 265. CrossRef
Characteristics and management of juvenile type 2 diabetes mellitus
Young-Jun Rhie
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(5): 342. CrossRef
Suggestions for the management of pediatric obesity in Korea
Yong Hee Hong
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2024; 67(5): 306. CrossRef
Safety and Effectiveness of Dulaglutide in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Korean Real-World Post-Marketing Study
Jeonghee Han, Woo Je Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyoung Cho, Byung Wan Lee, Cheol-Young Park
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 418. CrossRef
Do Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Have the Same Vascular Complications?
Yun Kyung Cho
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2024; 25(2): 62. CrossRef
2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association
Jun Sung Moon, Shinae Kang, Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, Yoon Ju Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(4): 546. CrossRef
Korean National Burden of Disease: The Importance of Diabetes Management
Chung-Nyun Kim, Yoon-Sun Jung, Young-Eun Kim, Minsu Ock, Seok-Jun Yoon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(4): 518. CrossRef
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory compounds from Vietnamese lichen Usnea baileyi: in vitro and in silico aspects
Thanh-Hung Do, Thuc-Huy Duong, Y.-Thien Vu, Huu-Phuoc Tran, Thi-Truc-Ngan Nguyen, Jirapast Sichaem, Ngoc-Hong Nguyen, Huy Truong Nguyen, Duc-Dung Pham
RSC Advances.2024; 14(44): 32624. CrossRef
Comparative study of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of four Vietnamese medicinal plants Combretum quadrangulare, Dicranopteris linearis, Psychotria adenophylla, and Garcinia schomburgkiana: In vitro and in vivo stud
Thi-Hong-Tuoi Do, Thuc-Huy Duong, Huu-Hung Nguyen, Thanh-Sang Vo, Ngoc-Hong Nguyen, Huong Thuy Le
Biophysics and Physicobiology.2024; 21(4): n/a. CrossRef
Chronic disease management program applied to type 2 diabetes patients and prevention of diabetic complications: a retrospective cohort study using nationwide data
Min Kyung Hyun, Jang Won Lee, Seung-Hyun Ko
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical and pathological characteristics of DKD patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes
Liang Wu, Yi-Yang Zhao, Meng-Rui Li, Dong-Yuan Chang, Ming-Hui Zhao, Min Chen
Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2023; 37(8): 108520. CrossRef
Type 2 Diabetes and Its Association With Psychiatric Disorders in Young Adults in South Korea
Min-Kyung Lee, Su-Young Lee, Seo-Young Sohn, Jiyeon Ahn, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Hyuk Lee
JAMA Network Open.2023; 6(6): e2319132. CrossRef
Glycemic control and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak
Kyeong Eun Oh, Yu Jin Kim, Ye Rim Oh, Eungu Kang, Hyo-Kyoung Nam, Young-Jun Rhie, Kee-Hyoung Lee
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 28(4): 275. CrossRef
Position Statement on the Appropriateness and Significance of Adding the Glycated Hemoglobin Test to the National Health Examination
Ji Hye Kim, Dae Jung Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Sangjoon Park, Kyunghoon Lee, Jun Goo Kang, Eu Jeong Ku, Su Kyoung Kwon, Won Jun Kim, Young Sang Lyu, Jang Won Son, Young Sil Eom, Kyung Ae Lee, Jeongrim Lee, Jung Min Lee, Jung Hwa Lee, Jung Hwa Jung, Hochan Cho, Da
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(4): 178. CrossRef
Trends and Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adolescents, 2007 to 2018 (Diabetes Metab J 2021;45:880-9)
Dae Jung Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(2): 349. CrossRef
Prevalence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous federal state in Germany, 2002-2020
C. Baechle, A. Stahl-Pehe, N. Prinz, T. Meissner, C. Kamrath, R.W. Holl, J. Rosenbauer
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 190: 109995. CrossRef
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Youth
Hwa Young Kim, Jae Hyun Kim
The Ewha Medical Journal.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Affecting High-Risk for Diabetes among Korean Adolescents: An Analysis Using the Eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2020)
Kyung-Sook Bang, Sang-Youn Jang, Ji-Hye Choe
Children.2022; 9(8): 1249. CrossRef
Characteristics of Glycemic Control and Long-Term Complications in Patients with Young-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
Han-sang Baek, Ji-Yeon Park, Jin Yu, Joonyub Lee, Yeoree Yang, Jeonghoon Ha, Seung Hwan Lee, Jae Hyoung Cho, Dong-Jun Lim, Hun-Sung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2022; 37(4): 641. CrossRef
젊은 2형 당뇨병 환자의 관리
재현 배
Public Health Weekly Report.2022; 15(35): 2474. CrossRef

Type 1 Diabetes
Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Qianwen Huang, Daizhi Yang, Hongrong Deng, Hua Liang, Xueying Zheng, Jinhua Yan, Wen Xu, Xiangwen Liu, Bin Yao, Sihui Luo, Jianping Weng; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(1):93-103. Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0240

8,301 View
237 Download
12 Web of Science
12 Crossref

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
Both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with an elevated risk of morbidity and mortality yet with increasing heterogeneity. This study primarily aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MetS among adult patients with T1DM in China and investigate its associated risk factors, and relationship with microvascular complications.
Methods
We included adult patients who had been enrolled in the Guangdong T1DM Translational Medicine Study conducted from June 2010 to June 2015. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program criterion. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for the association between MetS and the risk of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR).
Results
Among the 569 eligible patients enrolled, the prevalence of MetS was 15.1%. While female gender, longer diabetes duration, higher body mass index, and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were risk factors associated with MetS (OR, 2.86, 1.04, 1.14, and 1.23, respectively), received nutrition therapy education was a protective factor (OR, 0.46). After adjustment for gender, age, diabetes duration, HbA1c, socioeconomic and lifestyle variables, MetS status was associated with an increased risk of DKD and DR (OR, 2.14 and 3.72, respectively; both P<0.05).
Conclusion
Although the prevalence of MetS in adult patients with T1DM in China was relatively low, patients with MetS were more likely to have DKD and DR. A comprehensive management including lifestyle modification might reduce their risk of microvascular complications in adults with T1DM.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Link Between Metabolic Syndrome, Inflammation, and Eye Diseases
Kamila Pieńczykowska, Anna Bryl, Małgorzata Mrugacz
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(5): 2174. CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome in type 1 diabetes: higher time above range and glycemic variability revealed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)
Yayu Fang, Wei Liu, Xiaoling Cai, Yu Zhu, Mingxia Zhang, Siqian Gong, Xiangqing Wang, Chu Lin, Rui Zhang, Sai Yin, Juan Li, Yongran Huo, Xiaodan Hu, Xiaoqi Xie, Linong Ji
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Current status, trend changes, and future predictions of the disease burden of type 1 diabetes kidney disease in global and China
Qinghua Yang, Li Jin, Mingwei Luo, Shiwei Xie
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dynamic Changes in Metabolic Status Are Associated With Risk of Ocular Motor Cranial Nerve Palsies
Daye Diana Choi, Kyung-Ah Park, Kyungdo Han, Sei Yeul Oh
Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology.2024; 44(3): 386. CrossRef
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors Influence on Microvascular Complications in Patients With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Asad Riaz, Shoaib Asghar, Salman Shahid, Haider Tanvir, Muhammad Hamza Ejaz, Mamuna Akram
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Simplified integration of optimal self-management behaviors is associated with improved HbA1c in patients with type 1 diabetes
C. Deng, Y. Xie, F. Liu, X. Tang, L. Fan, X. Yang, Y. Chen, Z. Zhou, X. Li
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2024; 47(11): 2691. CrossRef
Correlation between triglyceride-glucose index and diabetic kidney disease risk in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Mengyun Lei, Ping Ling, Yongwen Zhou, Jing Lv, Ying Ni, Hongrong Deng, Chaofan Wang, Daizhi Yang, Xubin Yang, Wen Xu, Jinhua Yan
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Development and validation of an age-sex-ethnicity-specific metabolic syndrome score in the Chinese adults
Shujuan Yang, Bin Yu, Wanqi Yu, Shaoqing Dai, Chuanteng Feng, Ying Shao, Xing Zhao, Xiaoqing Li, Tianjing He, Peng Jia
Nature Communications.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of Endotoxemia with Low-Grade Inflammation, Metabolic Syndrome and Distinct Response to Lipopolysaccharide in Type 1 Diabetes
Aleksejs Fedulovs, Leonora Pahirko, Kaspars Jekabsons, Liga Kunrade, Jānis Valeinis, Una Riekstina, Valdis Pīrāgs, Jelizaveta Sokolovska
Biomedicines.2023; 11(12): 3269. CrossRef
Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103)
Qianwen Huang, Sihui Luo
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(3): 515. CrossRef
Association between Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in Chinese Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:93-103)
Gyuri Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2022; 46(3): 512. CrossRef
Metabolic syndrome associated with higher glycemic variability in type 1 diabetes: A multicenter cross-sectional study in china
Keyu Guo, Liyin Zhang, Jianan Ye, Xiaohong Niu, Hongwei Jiang, Shenglian Gan, Jian Zhou, Lin Yang, Zhiguang Zhou
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Lifestyle
Persistent Anxiety Is Associated with Higher Glycemia Post-Transition to Adult Services in Asian Young Adults with Diabetes: Ling Zhu, Suresh Rama Chandran, Wee Boon Tan, Xiaohui Xin, Su-Yen Goh, Daphne Su-Lyn Gardner; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(1):67-76. Published online June 15, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0226

7,012 View
126 Download
5 Web of Science
6 Crossref

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background

There is little longitudinal information on psychological burden and metabolic outcomes in young adults with diabetes (YAD) in Asia. We aimed to evaluate the association between psychological status and glycemia at baseline and 2 years following transition in a cohort of YAD in Singapore.

Methods

Subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), aged 17 to 25 years, were recruited from the YAD clinic in Singapore General Hospital. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression and Problem Areas for Diabetes scales were administered at transition (baseline) and at 18 to 24 months. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) assessed during routine visits was tracked longitudinally.

Results

A total of 98 T1DM (74.8%) and 33 T2DM (25.2%) subjects were recruited between January 2011 and November 2017. At baseline, mean HbA1c was 8.6%±1.7%. Only 26.0% achieved HbA1c of ≤7.5% and 16.8% achieved HbA1c of <7%. At baseline, prevalence of anxiety was 29.8%. At 24 months, 14.1% had persistent anxiety. Those with persistent anxiety had the highest mean HbA1c, particularly at 6 months (persistently anxious vs. persistently non-anxious: 9.9%±1.2% vs. 8.2%±1.9%, P=0.009). At baseline, 9.2% of subjects had depression. This group also had poorer glycemia at baseline (HbA1c of depressed vs non-depressed: 9.6%±2.1% vs. 8.5%±1.6%, P=0.04), which persisted up to 24 months.

Conclusion

The majority of YAD in Singapore have suboptimal glycemia. Psychological distress is a critical harbinger of poorer metabolic outcomes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

The Cost-Effectiveness of an Advanced Hybrid Closed-Loop System Compared to Standard Management of Type 1 Diabetes in a Singapore Setting
Daphne Gardner, Mrinmayee Lakkad, Zhiyu Qiu, Yuta Inoue, Suresh Rama Chandran, Kael Wherry
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2024; 26(5): 324. CrossRef
Impact of diabetes distress on glycemic control and diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hye-Sun Park, Yongin Cho, Da Hea Seo, Seong Hee Ahn, Seongbin Hong, Young Ju Suh, Suk Chon, Jeong-Taek Woo, Sei Hyun Baik, Kwan Woo Lee, So Hun Kim
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Interaction of Glycemia with Anxiety and Depression Is Related to Altered Cerebellar and Cerebral Functional Correlations
Grace E. Shearrer
Brain Sciences.2023; 13(7): 1086. CrossRef
The prevalence of anxiety in adult endocrinology outpatients: A systematic review and meta–analysis
Kelly Ann Kershaw, Ben Storer, Taylor Braund, Cassandra Chakouch, Matthew Coleshill, Sam Haffar, Samuel Harvey, Jill Newby, Gemma Sicouri, Michael Murphy
Psychoneuroendocrinology.2023; 158: 106357. CrossRef
Increased Levels of Serum Glycosylated Hemoglobin are Associated with Depressive Symptoms in a Population with Cancer (≥49 Years): An Antidepressant-Stratified Analysis
Ying Huang, Yilin Xu, Anwen Liu
Clinical Interventions in Aging.2021; Volume 16: 205. CrossRef
The Burden of Type 2 Diabetes and the Value of Achieving Near Normoglycemia from the Patient Perspective
Heather Gelhorn, Zaneta Balantac, Shraddha Shinde, Vivian Thuyanh Thieu, Kristina S. Boye
Diabetes Therapy.2021; 12(7): 1821. CrossRef

Technology/Device
Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody Detection by Electrochemiluminescence Assay Identifies Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults with Poor Islet Function: Yuxiao Zhu, Li Qian, Qing Liu, Jing Zou, Ying Zhou, Tao Yang, Gan Huang, Zhiguang Zhou, Yu Liu; Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(2):260-266. Published online November 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0007

7,426 View
142 Download
15 Web of Science
17 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The detection of glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) autoantibodies is essential for the prediction and diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). The aim of the current study was to compare a newly developed electrochemiluminescence (ECL)-GAD65 antibody assay with the established radiobinding assay, and to explore whether the new assay could be used to define LADA more precisely.

Methods

Serum samples were harvested from 141 patients with LADA, 95 with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and 99 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and tested for GAD65 autoantibodies using both the radiobinding assay and ECL assay. A glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) competition assay was also performed to assess antibody affinity. Furthermore, the clinical features of these patients were compared.

Results

Eighty-eight out of 141 serum samples (62.4%) from LADA patients were GAD65 antibody-positive by ECL assay. Compared with ECL-GAD65 antibody-negative patients, ECL-GAD65 antibody-positive patients were leaner (P<0.0001), had poorer β-cell function (P<0.05), and were more likely to have other diabetes-associated autoantibodies. The β-cell function of ECL-GAD65 antibody-positive patients was similar to that of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients, whereas ECL-GAD65 antibody-negative patients were more similar to type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

Conclusion

Patients with ECL-GAD65 antibody-negative share a similar phenotype with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, whereas patients with ECL-GAD65 antibody-positive resemble those with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Thus, the detection of GADA using ECL may help to identify the subtype of LADA.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025
Nuha A. ElSayed, Rozalina G. McCoy, Grazia Aleppo, Kirthikaa Balapattabi, Elizabeth A. Beverly, Kathaleen Briggs Early, Dennis Bruemmer, Osagie Ebekozien, Justin B. Echouffo-Tcheugui, Laya Ekhlaspour, Jason L. Gaglia, Rajesh Garg, Kamlesh Khunti, Rayhan L
Diabetes Care.2025; 48(Supplement): S27. CrossRef
Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence from Ruthenium-Tagged Immune Complex at Flexible Chains for Sensitive Analysis of Glutamate Decarboxylase Antibody
Yuyao Zhang, Li Qian, Qian Zhang, Yu Li, Yu Liu, Dechen Jiang
Biosensors.2025; 15(1): 47. CrossRef
Early prediction of diabetics using three-layer classifier model and improved dimensionality reduction
Keerthana G, Mohanasundaram R
Multimedia Tools and Applications.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
Nuha A. ElSayed, Grazia Aleppo, Raveendhara R. Bannuru, Dennis Bruemmer, Billy S. Collins, Laya Ekhlaspour, Jason L. Gaglia, Marisa E. Hilliard, Eric L. Johnson, Kamlesh Khunti, Ildiko Lingvay, Glenn Matfin, Rozalina G. McCoy, Mary Lou Perry, Scott J. Pil
Diabetes Care.2024; 47(Supplement): S20. CrossRef
Vitamin D Supplementation as a Therapeutic Strategy in Autoimmune Diabetes: Insights and Implications for LADA Management
Niki G. Mourelatou, Dimitris Kounatidis, Edward B. Jude, Eleni Rebelos
Nutrients.2024; 16(23): 4072. CrossRef
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes:Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023
Nuha A. ElSayed, Grazia Aleppo, Vanita R. Aroda, Raveendhara R. Bannuru, Florence M. Brown, Dennis Bruemmer, Billy S. Collins, Jason L. Gaglia, Marisa E. Hilliard, Diana Isaacs, Eric L. Johnson, Scott Kahan, Kamlesh Khunti, Jose Leon, Sarah K. Lyons, Mary
Diabetes Care.2023; 46(Supplement): S19. CrossRef
Determination of autoantibodies in type 2 diabetes: one simple way to improve classification
Johnny Ludvigsson
Diabetologia.2023; 66(5): 955. CrossRef
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022

Diabetes Care.2022; 45(Supplement): S17. CrossRef
Screening Strategy for Islet Autoantibodies in Diabetes Patients of Different Ages
Xixi Nan, Xia Li, Yufei Xiang, Xiang Yan, Houde Zhou, Xiaohan Tang, Jin Cheng, Xiaohong Niu, Jing Liu, Qiuhe Ji, Linong Ji, Gan Huang, Zhiguang Zhou
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics.2022; 24(3): 212. CrossRef
Atypical Diabetes and Management Considerations
Shivajirao Prakash Patil
Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice.2022; 49(2): 225. CrossRef
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a focus on β-cell protection and therapy
Wenfeng Yin, Shuoming Luo, Zilin Xiao, Ziwei Zhang, Bingwen Liu, Zhiguang Zhou
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of detrended fluctuation function derived from continuous glucose monitoring may assist in distinguishing latent autoimmune diabetes in adults from T2DM
Liyin Zhang, Qi Tian, Keyu Guo, Jieru Wu, Jianan Ye, Zhiyi Ding, Qin Zhou, Gan Huang, Xia Li, Zhiguang Zhou, Lin Yang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of antibodies targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2L3 and eukaryote translation elongation factor 1 α1 in Chinese Han and American Caucasian populations with type 1 diabetes
Li Qian, Yuxiao Zhu, Yan Luo, Mu Zhang, Liping Yu, Yu Liu, Tao Yang
Endocrine Connections.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2021

Diabetes Care.2021; 44(Supplement): S15. CrossRef
High-Affinity ZnT8 Autoantibodies by Electrochemiluminescence Assay Improve Risk Prediction for Type 1 Diabetes
Xiaofan Jia, Ling He, Dongmei Miao, Kathleen Waugh, Cristy Geno Rasmussen, Fran Dong, Andrea K Steck, Marian Rewers, Liping Yu
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Lada or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Challenging Diagnosis in Clinical Approach
Lucia Mihaela Custură, Oana Deteşan, Raluca Maria Tilinca, Reka Annamaria Schmiedt, Brigitta Irén Bacso, Mariana Cornelia Tilinca
Acta Medica Transilvanica.2021; 26(3): 55. CrossRef
A fluorescence enhancement assay for measurement of glutamate decarboxylase activity
Messripour Manoochehr, Mesripour Azadeh
Open Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.2020; : 007. CrossRef

Review

Clinical Diabetes & Therapeutics
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Review on Clinical Implications and Management: Silvia Pieralice, Paolo Pozzilli; Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(6):451-464. Published online December 17, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0190

20,277 View
735 Download
54 Web of Science
64 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader

Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by a less intensive autoimmune process and a broad clinical phenotype compared to classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), sharing features with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and T1DM. Since patients affected by LADA are initially insulin independent and recognizable only by testing for islet-cell autoantibodies, it could be difficult to identify LADA in clinical setting and a high misdiagnosis rate still remains among patients with T2DM. Ideally, islet-cell autoantibodies screening should be performed in subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM, ensuring a closer monitoring of those resulted positive and avoiding treatment of hyperglycaemia which might increase the rate of β-cells loss. Thus, since the autoimmune process in LADA seems to be slower than in classical T1DM, there is a wider window for new therapeutic interventions that may slow down β-cell failure. This review summarizes the current understanding of LADA, by evaluating data from most recent studies, the actual gaps in diagnosis and management. Finally, we critically highlight and discuss novel findings and future perspectives on the therapeutic approach in LADA.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

An Adult Case of Diabetes With High Levels of GAD Antibodies Without Insulin Deficiency for More Than 10 Years
Hideyuki Takeuchi, Naoyuki Iso-O, Atsuko Takai, Takashi Mikamo, Kozue Nagumo, Masumi Hara, Osamu Isozaki
Case Reports in Endocrinology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A Comprehensive Survey on Diabetes Type-2 (T2D) Forecast Using Machine Learning
Satyanarayana Murthy nimmagadda, Gunnam Suryanarayana, Gangu Bharath Kumar, Ganta Anudeep, Gedela Vinay Sai
Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering.2024; 31(5): 2905. CrossRef
Ensemble machine learning reveals key features for diabetes duration from electronic health records
Gabriel Cerono, Davide Chicco
PeerJ Computer Science.2024; 10: e1896. CrossRef
LADA 30th anniversary: A growing form of diabetes with persistent unresolved questions
Ivy Lee Jia Jia, Raffaella Buzzetti, Richard David Leslie, Paolo Pozzilli
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Significance of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine intervention for patients with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D): A systematic review and meta-analysis
Sunil B. Korde, Smita R. Pillewan, Sanket R. Dumbre, Anjali R. Bandgar, Prajakta S. Shinde, Sunil Gairola, Vandana S. Nikam
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2024; : 103102. CrossRef
Autoantibodies to Truncated GAD(96-585) Antigen Stratify Risk of Early Insulin Requirement in Adult-Onset Diabetes
Sian L. Grace, Kathleen M. Gillespie, Claire L. Williams, Vito Lampasona, Peter Achenbach, Ewan R. Pearson, Alistair J.K. Williams, Anna E. Long, Timothy J. McDonald, Angus G. Jones
Diabetes.2024; 73(10): 1583. CrossRef
Prognosis and outcome of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: T1DM or T2DM?
Zhipeng Zhou, Mingyue Xu, Pingjie Xiong, Jing Yuan, Deqing Zheng, Shenghua Piao
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A Curious Case of New-Onset Diabetes
Kristina Hernandez, Charity L. Tan
The Journal for Nurse Practitioners.2023; 19(3): 104411. CrossRef
Comprehensive review: Frailty in pancreas transplant candidates and recipients
Ronald F. Parsons, Ekamol Tantisattamo, Wisit Cheungpasitporn, Arpita Basu, Yee Lu, Krista L. Lentine, Kenneth J. Woodside, Neeraj Singh, Joseph Scalea, Tarek Alhamad, Ty B. Dunn, Franco H. Cabeza Rivera, Sandesh Parajuli, Martha Pavlakis, Matthew Cooper
Clinical Transplantation.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Managing latent autoimmune disease in adults
David Morris
Independent Nurse.2023; 2023(1): 18. CrossRef
Development and validation of a clinical score for identifying patients with high risk of latent autoimmune adult diabetes (LADA): The LADA primary care-protocol study
Pilar Vich-Pérez, Juan Carlos Abánades-Herranz, Gustavo Mora-Navarro, Ángela María Carrasco-Sayalero, Miguel Ángel Salinero-Fort, Ignacio Sevilla-Machuca, Mar Sanz-Pascual, Cristina Álvarez Hernández-Cañizares, Carmen de Burgos-Lunar, Vijayaprakash Suppia
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(2): e0281657. CrossRef
Diagnostic Dilemmas and Current Treatment Approaches in Latent Onset Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Concise Review
Lakshmi Chandran, Ankul Singh S., Chitra Vellapandian
Current Diabetes Reviews.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Anti-glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody-Positive Gestational Diabetes Mellitus with Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in the Early Postpartum Period: A Case Report and Literature Review
Akiko Fujishima, Yohei Onodera, Hiroshi Miura, Yukihiro Terada
The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine.2023; 259(4): 327. CrossRef
Een 54-jarige man met onverklaard gewichtsverlies
N. Mutebi, A. Kharagjitsing
Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin on immunometabolism, microbiome and liver diseases
Muhammad Umair Ijaz, Farzam Vaziri, Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan
Liver Research.2023; 7(2): 116. CrossRef
The Etiological Diagnosis of Diabetes: Still a Challenge for the Clinician
Danièle Dubois-Laforgue, José Timsit
Endocrines.2023; 4(2): 437. CrossRef
Type 1 diabetes mellitus: features of differential diagnosis
EV Gantsgorn, OV Denisenko, YaO Osipenko, DA Kalmykova, AV Ivanov, SS Gerasyuta, GA Bulguryan, MH Ivanova, DA Saakyan
Bulletin of Russian State Medical University.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A 1‐year pilot study of intralymphatic injections of GAD‐alum in individuals with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) with signs of high immunity: No safety concerns and resemblance to juvenile type 1 diabetes
Ingrid K. Hals, Chandima Balasuriya, Rosaura Casas, Johnny Ludvigsson, Anneli Björklund, Valdemar Grill
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(11): 3400. CrossRef
The relationship between red blood cell distribution width and islet β-cell function indexes in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Xiuli Fu, Qin Tan, Wei Wei, Sheng Ding, Zhongjing Wang
BMC Endocrine Disorders.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
A Review on Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Vijay Ravikumar, Ariba Ahmed, Ashish Anjankar
Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Neutrophils and their role in the aetiopathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Anna Giovenzana, Debora Carnovale, Brett Phillips, Alessandra Petrelli, Nick Giannoukakis
Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adult Based on the Presence of GAD 65 Antibodies in North-Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India
Himalina Sangma, Anshul Singh, Anubha Srivastava, Vatsala Misra
Annals of the National Academy of Medical Sciences (India).2022; 58: 17. CrossRef
Serum Bile Acid Profiles in Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults and Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Yu Zhou, Deli Ye, Xiaofen Yuan, Yonglie Zhou, Jun Xia, Giuseppe Pugliese
Journal of Diabetes Research.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Early life Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and incidence of type 1, type 2, and latent autoimmune diabetes in adulthood
Philippe Corsenac, Marie-Élise Parent, Hélène Mansaray, Andrea Benedetti, Hugues Richard, Simona Stäger, Marie-Claude Rousseau
Diabetes & Metabolism.2022; 48(3): 101337. CrossRef
Atypical Diabetes and Management Considerations
Shivajirao Prakash Patil
Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice.2022; 49(2): 225. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and insulin for latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Tong Lin, Yinhe Cai, Liting Tang, Youwei Lian, Min Liu, Chaonan Liu
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2022; 13(9): 1506. CrossRef
Latent autoimmune diabetes in youth shows greater autoimmunity than latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: Evidence from a nationwide, multicenter, cross‐sectional study
Jin Cheng, Xiaohan Tang, Xiang Yan, Gan Huang, Shuoming Luo, Zhiguang Zhou, Xia Li
Pediatric Diabetes.2022; 23(5): 578. CrossRef
Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults and Metabolic Syndrome—A Mini Review
Niansi Pan, Shimei Yang, Xiaohong Niu
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Lifestyle or Environmental Influences and Their Interaction With Genetic Susceptibility on the Risk of LADA
Sofia Carlsson
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Antigen-specific immunotherapies in type 1 diabetes
Xuejiao Zhang, Ying Dong, Dianyuan Liu, Liu Yang, Jiayi Xu, Qing Wang
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology.2022; 73: 127040. CrossRef
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a focus on β-cell protection and therapy
Wenfeng Yin, Shuoming Luo, Zilin Xiao, Ziwei Zhang, Bingwen Liu, Zhiguang Zhou
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Diagnostic camouflage: A case report on Latent autoimmune diabetics of adulthood
Sandhya kiran Neupane, Prakash Paudel Jaishi, Divyaa Koirala, Arjun Kandel, Prabhat Kiran Neupane
Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical characteristics and cardiovascular risk profile in children and adolescents with latent autoimmune diabetes: Results from the German/Austrian prospective diabetes follow‐up registry
Alena Welters, Sascha R. Tittel, Thomas Reinehr, Daniel Weghuber, Susanna Wiegand, Wolfram Karges, Clemens Freiberg, Thomas Meissner, Nanette C. Schloot, Reinhard W. Holl
Pediatric Diabetes.2022; 23(8): 1602. CrossRef
The utility of assessing C-peptide in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
Tuccinardi Dario, Giorgino Riccardo, Pieralice Silvia, Watanabe Mikiko, Maggi Daria, Palermo Andrea, Defeudis Giuseppe, Fioriti Elvira, Pozzilli Paolo, Manfrini Silvia
Acta Diabetologica.2021; 58(4): 411. CrossRef
Cross-reactive peptide epitopes of Enterovirus Coxsackie B4 and human glutamic acid decarboxylase detecting antibodies in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults versus type 1 diabetes
Feliciana Real-Fernández, Alessandra Gallo, Francesca Nuti, Lorenzo Altamore, Gloria Giovanna Del Vescovo, Pietro Traldi, Eugenio Ragazzi, Paolo Rovero, Annunziata Lapolla, Anna Maria Papini
Clinica Chimica Acta.2021; 515: 73. CrossRef
Treating latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in the era of cardiovascular outcomes trials: Old dog should learn new tricks
Theocharis Koufakis, Prashanth Vas, Kalliopi Kotsa
Diabetic Medicine.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Defining and Classifying New Subgroups of Diabetes
Ashok Balasubramanyam
Annual Review of Medicine.2021; 72(1): 63. CrossRef
Slowly evolving, immune-mediated diabetes in 14-year-old patient: a case report
M. R. Ragimov, D. D. Omelchuk, L. I. Ibragimova, O. S. Derevyanko, T. V. Nikonova
Diabetes mellitus.2021; 24(1): 70. CrossRef
The role of autoimmunity in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: Looking at the other side of the moon
Theocharis Koufakis, George Dimitriadis, Symeon Metallidis, Pantelis Zebekakis, Kalliopi Kotsa
Obesity Reviews.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Dapagliflozin as an Adjunct Therapy to Insulin in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Efficacy and Safety of this Combination
Johan H Jendle, Francisco J Ampudia-Blasco, Martin Füchtenbusch, Paolo Pozzilli
European Endocrinology.2021; 1(1): 12. CrossRef
Dapagliflozin as an Adjunct Therapy to Insulin in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Efficacy and Safety of this Combination
Johan H Jendle, Francisco J Ampudia-Blasco, Martin Füchtenbusch, Paolo Pozzilli
touchREVIEWS in Endocrinology.2021; 17(1): 12. CrossRef
Toward an Improved Classification of Type 2 Diabetes: Lessons From Research into the Heterogeneity of a Complex Disease
Maria J Redondo, Ashok Balasubramanyam
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2021; 106(12): e4822. CrossRef
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin 's beneficial impact on glucose metabolism: Evidence for broad based applications
Gabriella F. Shpilsky, Hiroyuki Takahashi, Anna Aristarkhova, Michele Weil, Nathan Ng, Kacie J. Nelson, Amanda Lee, Hui Zheng, Willem M. Kühtreiber, Denise L. Faustman
iScience.2021; 24(10): 103150. CrossRef
Masqueraders: how to identify atypical diabetes in primary care
Sumera Ahmed, Sana Saeed, Jay H. Shubrook
Journal of Osteopathic Medicine.2021; 121(12): 899. CrossRef
Lada or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus - A Challenging Diagnosis in Clinical Approach
Lucia Mihaela Custură, Oana Deteşan, Raluca Maria Tilinca, Reka Annamaria Schmiedt, Brigitta Irén Bacso, Mariana Cornelia Tilinca
Acta Medica Transilvanica.2021; 26(3): 55. CrossRef
Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties of Tea—The Positive Impact of Tea Consumption on Patients with Autoimmune Diabetes
Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Ewa Tomaszewska, Karolina Jachimowicz
Nutrients.2021; 13(11): 3972. CrossRef
A Review of Statistical and Machine Learning Techniques for Microvascular Complications in Type 2 Diabetes
Nitigya Sambyal, Poonam Saini, Rupali Syal
Current Diabetes Reviews.2021; 17(2): 143. CrossRef
Bariatric Surgery Outcomes in Patients with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult
Marta Guimarães, Sofia S. Pereira, Mário Nora, Mariana P. Monteiro
Obesity Facts.2021; 14(4): 425. CrossRef
Особливості перебігу діабетичної хвороби нирок у хворих на латентний автоімунний діабет дорослих
I.O. Tsaryk, N.V. Pashkovska
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine).2021; 17(2): 116. CrossRef
Latenter Autoimmundiabetes im Erwachsenen- und Kindesalter
Alena Welters, Nanette C. Schloot
Der Diabetologe.2020; 16(1): 27. CrossRef
A treatment-based algorithm for identification of diabetes type in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Mitra Mosslemi, Hannah L. Park, Christine E. McLaren, Nathan D. Wong
Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism.2020; 9(1): 9. CrossRef
Case 6-2020: A 34-Year-Old Woman with Hyperglycemia
Richard C. Cabot, Eric S. Rosenberg, Virginia M. Pierce, David M. Dudzinski, Meridale V. Baggett, Dennis C. Sgroi, Jo-Anne O. Shepard, Kathy M. Tran, Emily K. McDonald, Tara Corpuz, Miriam S. Udler, Camille E. Powe, Christina A. Austin-Tse
New England Journal of Medicine.2020; 382(8): 745. CrossRef
Therapeutic approaches for latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: One size does not fit all
Theocharis Koufakis, Niki Katsiki, Pantelis Zebekakis, George Dimitriadis, Kalliopi Kotsa
Journal of Diabetes.2020; 12(2): 110. CrossRef
Grenzformen zwischen Typ-1- und Typ-2-Diabetes
Michael Hummel
MMW - Fortschritte der Medizin.2020; 162(11): 60. CrossRef
The Differential Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults
Zhang Pengyu, Yan Yan, Fu Xiying, Yang Maoguang, Li Mo, Cheng Yan, Shen Hong, Wang Lijuan, Zhang Xiujuan, Cai Hanqing
International Journal of Endocrinology.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
A convenient diagnostic tool for discriminating adult-onset glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-positive autoimmune diabetes from type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study
Hon-Ke Sia, Shih-Te Tu, Pei-Yung Liao, Kuan-Han Lin, Chew-Teng Kor, Ling-Ling Yeh
PeerJ.2020; 8: e8610. CrossRef
Correct Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Allows Sailor to Remain on Active Duty
Andrea R Frazier
Military Medicine.2020; 185(9-10): e1843. CrossRef
Hombre de 28 años con presentación de diabetes
M. Ricci, J. Sanz Cánovas, V. Buonaluto, R. Gómez Huelgas
Medicine - Programa de Formación Médica Continuada Acreditado.2020; 13(16): 942.e1. CrossRef
Uncommon Presentations of Diabetes: Zebras in the Herd
Karen L. Shidler, Lisa R. Letourneau, Lucia M. Novak
Clinical Diabetes.2020; 38(1): 78. CrossRef
Ketogenic Diet as a Trigger for Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Misdiagnosis of Diabetes: A Case Report
Alexander J. White-Cotsmire, Amber M. Healy
Clinical Diabetes.2020; 38(3): 318. CrossRef
Subphänotypen des Diabetes
Oana Patricia Zaharia, Julia Szendrödi
Der Diabetologe.2019; 15(4): 288. CrossRef
Autoimmunity in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Alessandro P. Delitala
AIMS Medical Science.2019; 6(2): 132. CrossRef
Risk of diabetes-associated diseases in subgroups of patients with recent-onset diabetes: a 5-year follow-up study
Oana P Zaharia, Klaus Strassburger, Alexander Strom, Gidon J Bönhof, Yanislava Karusheva, Sofia Antoniou, Kálmán Bódis, Daniel F Markgraf, Volker Burkart, Karsten Müssig, Jong-Hee Hwang, Olof Asplund, Leif Groop, Emma Ahlqvist, Jochen Seissler, Peter Nawr
The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology.2019; 7(9): 684. CrossRef
The Influence of Type 2 Diabetes–Associated Factors on Type 1 Diabetes
Maria J. Redondo, Carmella Evans-Molina, Andrea K. Steck, Mark A. Atkinson, Jay Sosenko
Diabetes Care.2019; 42(8): 1357. CrossRef

Original Articles

Epidemiology
Discrepancies between Glycosylated Hemoglobin and Fasting Plasma Glucose for Diagnosing Impaired Fasting Glucose and Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Youth and Young Adults: Jieun Lee, Young Ah Lee, Jae Hyun Kim, Seong Yong Lee, Choong Ho Shin, Sei Won Yang; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(2):174-182. Published online November 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0046

6,753 View
88 Download
12 Web of Science
14 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader

Background

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been recommended as a diagnostic test for prediabetes and diabetes. Here, we evaluated the level of agreement between diagnoses based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG) versus HbA1c levels and determined optimal HbA1c cutoff values for these diseases in youth and young adults.

Methods

The study included 7,332 subjects (n=4,129, aged 10 to 19 years in youth group; and n=3,203 aged 20 to 29 years in young adult group) from the 2011 to 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prediabetes and diabetes were defined as 100 to 125 mg/dL (impaired fasting glucose [IFG]) and ≥126 mg/dL for FPG (diabetes mellitus [DM] by FPG [DM_FPG]), and 5.7% to 6.4% and ≥6.5% for HbA1c, respectively.

Results

In the youth group, 32.5% with IFG had an HbA1c level of 5.7% to 6.4%, and 72.2% with DM_FPG had an HbA1c ≥6.5%. In the young adult group, 27.5% with IFG had an HbA1c level of 5.7% to 6.4%, and 66.6% with DM_FPG had an HbA1c ≥6.5%. Kappa coefficients for agreement between the FPG and HbA1c results were 0.12 for the youth group and 0.19 for the young adult group. In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the optimal HbA1c cutoff for IFG and DM_FPG were 5.6% and 5.9% in youths and 5.5% and 5.8% in young adults, respectively.

Conclusion

Usefulness of HbA1c for diagnosis of IFG and DM_FPG in Koreans aged <30 years remains to be determined due to discrepancies between the results of glucose- and HbA1c-based tests. Additional testing might be warranted at lower HbA1c levels to detect IFG and DM_FPG in this age group.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Clinical utility of glycated albumin and 1,5-anhydroglucitol in the screening and prediction of diabetes: A multi-center study
Kam-Ching Ku, Junda Zhong, Erfei Song, Carol Ho-Yi Fong, Karen Siu-Ling Lam, Aimin Xu, Chi-Ho Lee, Chloe Yu-Yan Cheung
World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Artificial intelligence-based multiclass diabetes risk stratification for big data embedded with explainability: From machine learning to attention models
Ekta Tiwari, Siddharth Gupta, Anudeep Pavulla, Mustafa Al-Maini, Rajesh Singh, Esma R. Isenovic, Sumit Chaudhary, John L. Laird, Laura Mantella, Amer M. Johri, Luca Saba, Jasjit S. Suri
Biomedical Signal Processing and Control.2025; 106: 107672. CrossRef
Lower Dietary Magnesium Is Associated with a Higher Hemoglobin Glycation Index in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Juan Chen, Song Lin, Xingzhou Wang, Xiwei Wang, Pengxia Gao
Biological Trace Element Research.2024; 202(3): 878. CrossRef
Glycemic traits and colorectal cancer survival in a cohort of South Korean patients: A Mendelian randomization analysis
So Yon Jun, Sooyoung Cho, Min Jung Kim, Ji Won Park, Seung‐Bum Ryoo, Seung Yong Jeong, Kyu Joo Park, Aesun Shin
Cancer Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Prevalence and clinical correlates of impaired fasting blood glucose in children and adolescents with depressive disorder and relationship with triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein ratio
Zhiwei Liu, Liang Sun, Feng Sun, Shu Cui, Yulong Zhang, Juan Wang, Zhaokun Zhang, Longlong Sun, Rongchun Yang, Gaofeng Yao, Yun Liu
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Associations between HbA1c-derived estimated average glucose and fasting plasma glucose in patients with normal and abnormal hemoglobin patterns
Wilaiwan Sriwimol, Phattanapong Choosongsang, Pensiri Choosongsang, Warakorn Petkliang, Pittaya Treerut
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation.2022; 82(3): 192. CrossRef
Increasing prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years and its relationship with metabolic indicators: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Study (KNHANES), 2007–2018
Seung Eun Yoo, Ji Hyen Lee, Jung Won Lee, Hye Sook Park, Hye Ah Lee, Hae Soon Kim
Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 27(1): 60. CrossRef
Differences in Clinical Indicators of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Dyslipidemia Among Workers Who Worked Long Hours and Shift Work
EunKyo Kang
Workplace Health & Safety.2021; 69(6): 268. CrossRef
Practice Patterns in the Acceptance of Medically Complex Living Kidney Donors with Obesity, Hypertension, Family History of Kidney Disease, or Donor-Recipient Age Discrepancy
Ziad Arabi, Muhammad Bukhari, Abdullah Hamad, Abdulrahman Altheaby, Saleh Kaysi
Avicenna Journal of Medicine.2021; 11(04): 172. CrossRef
Endocrine comorbidities of pediatric obesity
Jieun Lee, Jae Hyun Kim
Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics.2021; 64(12): 619. CrossRef
Association between handgrip strength and cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adolescents
Kyoung Kon Kim, Kyu Rae Lee, In Cheol Hwang
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 33(9): 1213. CrossRef
Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with long-term risk of cardiovascular events and specific comorbidity in very high-risk hypertensive patients
O. Ya. Korolyuk, O. M. Radchenko
The Ukrainian Biochemical Journal.2020; 92(2): 8. CrossRef
The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Weight Loss and Metabolic Changes in Adults with Obesity
Stanisław Głuszek, Arkadiusz Bociek, Edyta Suliga, Jarosław Matykiewicz, Magdalena Kołomańska, Piotr Bryk, Przemysław Znamirowski, Łukasz Nawacki, Martyna Głuszek-Osuch, Iwona Wawrzycka, Dorota Kozieł
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2020; 17(15): 5342. CrossRef
Peculiarities of Clinical Presentations and Long–Term Complications in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Metabolic Syndrome, depending on their Serum Triglyceride Levels
O. Ya. Korolyuk
Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu.2020; 5(1): 125. CrossRef

Clinical Care/Education
Diabetes Camp as Continuing Education for Diabetes Self-Management in Middle-Aged and Elderly People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: So Young Park, Sun Young Kim, Hye Mi Lee, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jae Hyeon Kim, Moon-Kyu Lee, Kang-Hee Sim, Sang-Man Jin; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(2):99-112. Published online March 3, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.2.99

5,605 View
50 Download
4 Web of Science
3 Crossref

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader

Background

Despite the established benefits of diabetes camps for the continuing education of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus, little is known about the long-term metabolic benefits of diabetes camps for middle-aged and elderly people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), especially in terms of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) variability.

Methods

The 1-year mean and variability of HbA1c before and after the diabetes camp was compared between the participants of the diabetes camp (n=57; median age 65 years [range, 50 to 86 years]; median diabetes duration 14 years [range, 1 to 48 years]). Additional case-control analysis compared the metabolic outcomes of the participants of the diabetes camp and their propensity score-matched controls who underwent conventional diabetes education (n=93).

Results

The levels of HbA1c during the first year after the diabetes camp were comparable to those of the matched controls (P=0.341). In an analysis of all participants of the diabetes camp, the 1-year mean±standard deviation (SD) of HbA1c decreased (P=0.010 and P=0.041) after the diabetes camp, whereas the adjusted SD and coefficient of variance (CV) of HbA1c did not decrease. The adjusted SD and CV significantly decreased after the diabetes camp in participants whose 1-year mean HbA1c was ≥6.5% before the diabetes camp (n=40) and those with a duration of diabetes less than 15 years (n=32).

Conclusion

The 1-year mean and SD of HbA1c decreased after the diabetes camp, with significant reduction in the adjusted SD and CV in those with higher baseline HbA1c and a shorter duration of diabetes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Camp-style lifestyle modification program (CAMP) for diabetes prevention among rural women with prior GDM: study protocol for a three-arm cluster hybrid type 2 randomized controlled trial
Yao Chen, Qinyi Zhong, Wencong Lv, Qing Long, Man Ping Wang, Jyu-Lin Chen, James Allen Willey, Robin Whittemore, Jia Guo
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Older adults’ experiences of being at a senior summer camp—A phenomenographic study
Veronika Wallroth, Kjerstin Larsson, Agneta Schröder
Qualitative Social Work.2022; 21(5): 956. CrossRef
Pushing for miracles, pulling away from risk: An ethnographic analysis of the force dynamics at Senior Summer Camps in Sweden
Gabriella Nilsson, Lisa Ekstam, Janicke Andersson
Journal of Aging Studies.2018; 47: 96. CrossRef

The Relationship between the Level of Fatness and Fitness during Adolescence and the Risk Factors of Metabolic Disorders in Adulthood: Yoonsuk Jekal, Ji Eun Yun, Sang Wook Park, Sun Ha Jee, Justin Y Jeon; Korean Diabetes J. 2010;34(2):126-134. Published online April 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.126

4,164 View
33 Download
10 Crossref

Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between the level of obesity and physical fitness (PF) during adolescence and the risk factors of metabolic disorders during adulthood.

Methods

In the current analysis, 3,993 Korean adults (mean age, 38.70 ± 1.69 years) were recruited. The level of body index (BI) and PF were examined during adolescence through high school record, and their health examination data, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose (FG), total cholesterol (TC), and current body mass index (BMI) were obtained from National Health Insurance Corporation Data. Gender-specific analyses were administered to compare health exam data across the level of BI, the level of PF, and a mixed level of BI and PF.

Results

Most obese males during high school had statistically higher SBP, DBP, FG, and BMI in adulthood, and most obese females had higher BMI, as compared to most lean males or females. Least fit males during high school had statistically higher BMI in adulthood, and least fit females had statistically higher SBP, DBP, FG, TC, and BMI, as compared to most fit males or females. There was a significant relationship between the mixed level of BI and PF and SBP, DBP, TC and current BMI in both genders.

Conclusion

Maintaining a healthy level of body weight and PF during adolescence is recommended to prevent the development of metabolic diseases in adulthood.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

A cross‐sectional study on the use of big data for the past H1N1 influenza epidemic in obesity after COVID‐19: Focused on the body slimming cream and leptin via DTC gene test
Jinkyung Lee, Ki Han Kwon
Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology.2022; 21(11): 5321. CrossRef
Aerobic fitness in late adolescence and the risk of cancer and cancer-associated mortality in adulthood: A prospective nationwide study of 1.2 million Swedish men
G. Högström, H. Ohlsson, C. Crump, J. Sundquist, K. Sundquist
Cancer Epidemiology.2019; 59: 58. CrossRef
Study Time after School and Habitual Eating Are Associated with Risk for Obesity among Overweight Korean Children: A Prospective Study
Eun Young Lee, Borami Kang, Yeoree Yang, Hae Kyung Yang, Hun-Sung Kim, Sun-Young Lim, Jin-Hee Lee, Seong-Su Lee, Byung-Kyu Suh, Kun-Ho Yoon
Obesity Facts.2018; 11(1): 46. CrossRef
Differences in Dietary Life and Health related Factors According to Obesity in Poor Urban Peruvian Adolescents
Hye-Kyung Chung, Hae-Young Lee, Jin Ri Kim, Eun Woo Nam
Korean Journal of Community Nutrition.2018; 23(4): 302. CrossRef
The influence of aerobic fitness on obesity and its parent-offspring correlations in a cross-sectional study among German families
Ronja Foraita, Mirko Brandes, Frauke Günther, Karin Bammann, Iris Pigeot, Wolfgang Ahrens
BMC Public Health.2015;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Participation in Physical Activity “The Development of Fitness” Class on Physical Fitness and Risk Factors for Metabolic Syndrome of University Students in Korea
김동일, Justin Jeon, 이해동, 박지혜, 홍성현
Korean Journal of Sport Science.2012; 23(3): 478. CrossRef
Epidemiology and prevention of stroke: a worldwide perspective
Elena V Kuklina, Xin Tong, Mary G George, Pooja Bansil
Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics.2012; 12(2): 199. CrossRef
Fitness, Fatness, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Outcomes
John M. Jakicic, Anne E. Mishler, Renee Rogers
Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports.2011; 5(2): 113. CrossRef
Epidemiology of Physical Activity Participation and Type 2 Diabetes in Korea
Yoonsuk Jekal, Justin Y Jeon
Journal of Korean Diabetes.2011; 12(1): 13. CrossRef
Relationship Between Trajectories of Trunk Fat Mass Development in Adolescence and Cardiometabolic Risk in Young Adulthood
Lauren B. Sherar, Joe C. Eisenmann, Philip D. Chilibeck, Nazeem Muhajarine, Susanna Martin, Donald A. Bailey, Adam D.G. Baxter‐Jones
Obesity.2011; 19(8): 1699. CrossRef

First
Prev
Page of 2
Next
Last

Search