Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Guideline/Fact Sheet
2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Management in Korea: Full Version Recommendation of the Korean Diabetes Association: Jun Sung Moon, Shinae Kang, Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, Yoon Ju Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Hae Jin Kim, Hyun Min Kim, Jung Hae Ko, Nam Hoon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Jeeyun Ahn, Tae Jung Oh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Eugene Han, Sang-Man Jin, Jaehyun Bae, Eonju Jeon, Ji Min Kim, Seon Mee Kang, Jung Hwan Park, Jae-Seung Yun, Bong-Soo Cha, Min Kyong Moon, Byung-Wan Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(4):546-708. Published online July 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2024.0249

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Adherence to the nutritional recommendations according to diabetes status in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study
Jong Han Choi, Chen Lulu, Seon-Joo Park, Hae-Jeung Lee
BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
당뇨병 치료의 진화: 관해를 향해가는 혁신적 약물치료와 첨단 관리기기의 결합
종한 최, 민경 문
Public Health Weekly Report.2024; 17(44): 1905. CrossRef
The Impact of the Dietary Inflammatory Index, Fasting Blood Glucose, and Smoking Status on the Incidence and Survival of Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective Case–Control Study and a Prospective Study
Ga Hyun Lee, Yeon Hee Kim, Sang Myung Woo, Woo Jin Lee, Sung-Sik Han, Sang-Jae Park, Sherry Price, Penias Tembo, James R. Hébert, Mi Kyung Kim
Nutrients.2024; 16(22): 3941. CrossRef
Enhancing Large Language Model Reliability: Minimizing Hallucinations with Dual Retrieval-Augmented Generation Based on the Latest Diabetes Guidelines
Jaedong Lee, Hyosoung Cha, Yul Hwangbo, Wonjoong Cheon
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2024; 14(12): 1131. CrossRef

Pathophysiology
Recent Glycemia Is a Major Determinant of β-Cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ji Yoon Kim, Jiyoon Lee, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(6):1135-1146. Published online June 17, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0359

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Background
Progressive deterioration of β-cell function is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate the relative contributions of clinical factors to β-cell function in T2DM.
Methods
In a T2DM cohort of 470 adults (disease duration 0 to 41 years), β-cell function was estimated using insulinogenic index (IGI), disposition index (DI), oral disposition index (DIO), and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B) derived from a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The relative contributions of age, sex, disease duration, body mass index, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (at the time of the OGTT), area under the curve of HbA1c over time (HbA1c AUC), coefficient of variation in HbA1c (HbA1c CV), and antidiabetic agents use were compared by standardized regression coefficients. Longitudinal analyses of these indices were also performed.
Results
IGI, DI, DI_O, and HOMA-B declined over time (P<0.001 for all). Notably, HbA1c was the most significant factor affecting IGI, DI, DIO, and HOMA-B in the multivariable regression analysis. Compared with HbA1c ≥9%, DI was 1.9-, 2.5-, 3.7-, and 5.5-fold higher in HbA1c of 8%–<9%, 7%–<8%, 6%–<7%, and <6%, respectively, after adjusting for confounding factors (P<0.001). Conversely, β-cell function was not affected by the type or duration of antidiabetic agents, HbA1c AUC, or HbA1c CV. The trajectories of the IGI, DI, DIO, and HOMA-B mirrored those of HbA1c.
Conclusion
β-Cell function declines over time; however, it is flexible, being largely affected by recent glycemia in T2DM.

Citations

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The Importance of Treating Hyperglycemia in β-Cell Dysfunction of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Arim Choi, Kyung-Soo Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(6): 1056. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
2023 Diabetic Kidney Disease Fact Sheet in Korea: Nam Hoon Kim, Mi-Hae Seo, Jin Hyung Jung, Kyung Do Han, Mi Kyung Kim, Nan Hee Kim, on Behalf of Diabetic Kidney Disease Research Group of the Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(3):463-472. Published online March 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0310

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Background
To investigate the prevalence, incidence, comorbidities, and management status of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and diabetes-related end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in South Korea.
Methods
We used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2019 to 2021, n=2,665) for the evaluation of prevalence, comorbidities, control rate of glycemia and comorbidities in DKD, and the Korean Health Insurance Service-customized database (2008 to 2019, n=3,950,857) for the evaluation of trends in the incidence and prevalence rate of diabetes-related ESKD, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers and sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors use for DKD, and the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and mortality according to DKD stages. DKD was defined as albuminuria or low estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² in patients with diabetes mellitus.
Results
The prevalence of DKD was 25.4% (albuminuria, 22.0%; low eGFR, 6.73%) in patients with diabetes mellitus aged ≥30 years. Patients with DKD had a higher rate of comorbidities, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and central obesity; however, their control rates were lower than those without DKD. Prescription rate of SGLT2 inhibitors with reduced eGFR increased steadily, reaching 5.94% in 2019. Approximately 70% of DKD patients were treated with RAS blockers. The prevalence rate of diabetesrelated ESKD has been steadily increasing, with a higher rate in older adults. ASCVD and mortality were significantly associated with an in increase in DKD stage.
Conclusion
DKD is prevalent among Korean patients with diabetes and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which requiring intensive management of diabetes and comorbidities. The prevalence of diabetes-related ESKD has been increasing, especially in the older adults, during past decade.

Citations

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Endothelial NOX5 Obliterates the Reno-Protective Effect of Nox4 Deletion by Promoting Renal Fibrosis via Activation of EMT and ROS-Sensitive Pathways in Diabetes
Karin A. M. Jandeleit-Dahm, Haritha R. Kankanamalage, Aozhi Dai, Jaroslawna Meister, Sara Lopez-Trevino, Mark E. Cooper, Rhian M. Touyz, Christopher R. J. Kennedy, Jay C. Jha
Antioxidants.2024; 13(4): 396. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Real-World Treatment Patterns according to Clinical Practice Guidelines in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Established Cardiovascular Disease in Korea: Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study: Ye Seul Yang, Nam Hoon Kim, Jong Ha Baek, Seung-Hyun Ko, Jang Won Son, Seung-Hwan Lee, Sang Youl Rhee, Soo-Kyung Kim, Tae Seo Sohn, Ji Eun Jun, In-Kyung Jeong, Chong Hwa Kim, Keeho Song, Eun-Jung Rhee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(2):279-289. Published online January 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0225

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Background
Recent diabetes management guidelines recommend that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) or glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) with proven cardiovascular benefits should be prioritized for combination therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and established cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study was aimed at evaluating SGLT2i or GLP-1RA usage rates and various related factors in patients with T2DM and established CVD.
Methods
We enrolled adults with T2DM aged ≥30 years who were hospitalized due to established CVD from January 2019 to May 2020 at 13 secondary and tertiary hospitals in Korea in this retrospective observational study.
Results
Overall, 2,050 patients were eligible for analysis among 2,107 enrolled patients. The mean patient age, diabetes duration, and glycosylated hemoglobin level were 70.0 years, 12.0 years, and 7.5%, respectively. During the mean follow-up duration of 9.7 months, 25.7% of the patients were prescribed SGLT2is after CVD events. However, only 1.8% were prescribed GLP-1RAs. Compared with SGLT2i non-users, SGLT2i users were more frequently male and obese. Furthermore, they had a shorter diabetes duration but showed worse glycemic control and better renal function at the time of the event. GLP-1RA users had a longer duration of diabetes and worse glycemic control at the time of the event than GLP-1RA non-users.
Conclusion
The SGLT2i or GLP-1RA prescription rates were suboptimal in patients with T2DM and established CVD. Sex, body mass index, diabetes duration, glycemic control, and renal function were associated with the use of these agents.

Citations

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Enhancing Patient Outcomes: Prioritizing SGLT2is and GLP-1RAs in Diabetes with CVD
Gwanpyo Koh
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(2): 208. CrossRef
Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2010 to 2019
Jin Hwa Kim, Junyeop Lee, Kyungdo Han, Jae-Taek Kim, Hyuk-Sang Kwon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(6): 1084. CrossRef
Trends in prescribing sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular‐renal disease in South Korea, 2015–2021
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Soyoung Shin, EunJi Na, Dae Jung Kim
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

Review

Pathophysiology
Attention to Innate Circadian Rhythm and the Impact of Its Disruption on Diabetes: Da Young Lee, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(1):37-52. Published online January 3, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0193

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Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Novel strategies are required to reduce the risk of developing diabetes and/or clinical outcomes and complications of diabetes. In this regard, the role of the circadian system may be a potential candidate for the prevention of diabetes. We reviewed evidence from animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies linking the circadian system to various aspects of the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of diabetes. The circadian clock governs genetic, metabolic, hormonal, and behavioral signals in anticipation of cyclic 24-hour events through interactions between a “central clock” in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and “peripheral clocks” in the whole body. Currently, circadian rhythmicity in humans can be subjectively or objectively assessed by measuring melatonin and glucocorticoid levels, core body temperature, peripheral blood, oral mucosa, hair follicles, rest-activity cycles, sleep diaries, and circadian chronotypes. In this review, we summarized various circadian misalignments, such as altered light-dark, sleep-wake, rest-activity, fasting-feeding, shift work, evening chronotype, and social jetlag, as well as mutations in clock genes that could contribute to the development of diabetes and poor glycemic status in patients with diabetes. Targeting critical components of the circadian system could deliver potential candidates for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the future.

Original Article

Drug Regimen
The Efficacy and Safety of Moderate-Intensity Rosuvastatin with Ezetimibe versus High-Intensity Rosuvastatin in High Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized, Multicenter, Open, Parallel, Phase 4 Study: Jun Sung Moon, Il Rae Park, Sang Soo Kim, Hye Soon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Sin Gon Kim, Seung Hyun Ko, Ji Hyun Lee, Inkyu Lee, Bo Kyeong Lee, Kyu Chang Won; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):818-825. Published online November 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0171

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Background
To investigate the efficacy and safety of moderate-intensity rosuvastatin/ezetimibe combination compared to highintensity rosuvastatin in high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
This study was a randomized, multicenter, open, parallel phase 4 study, and enrolled T2DM subjects with an estimated 10-year ASCVD risk ≥7.5%. The primary endpoint was the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) change rate after 24-week rosuvastatin 10 mg/ezetimibe 10 mg treatment was non-inferior to that of rosuvastatin 20 mg. The achievement proportion of 10-year ASCVD risk <7.5% or comprehensive lipid target (LDL-C <70 mg/dL, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL, and apolipoprotein B <80 mg/dL) without discontinuation, and several metabolic parameters were explored as secondary endpoints.
Results
A hundred and six participants were assigned to each group. Both groups showed significant reduction in % change of LDL-C from baseline at week 24 (–63.90±6.89 vs. –55.44±6.85, combination vs. monotherapy, p=0.0378; respectively), but the combination treatment was superior to high-intensity monotherapy in LDL-C change (%) from baseline (least square [LS] mean difference, –8.47; 95% confidence interval, –16.44 to –0.49; p=0.0378). The combination treatment showed a higher proportion of achieved comprehensive lipid targets rather than monotherapy (85.36% vs. 62.22% in monotherapy, p=0.015). The ezetimibe combination significantly improved homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function even without A1c changes (LS mean difference, 17.13; p=0.0185).
Conclusion
In high ASCVD risk patients with T2DM, the combination of moderate-intensity rosuvastatin and ezetimibe was not only non-inferior but also superior to improving dyslipidemia with additional benefits compared to high-intensity rosuvastatin monotherapy.

Citations

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Clinical study on the effect of jejunoileal side-to-side anastomosis on metabolic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes
Ji-Kui Wang, Di Zhang, Jin-Feng Wang, Wan-Lin Lu, Jing-Yuan Wang, Shi-Feng Liang, Ran Liu, Jing-Xin Jiang, Hong-Tao Li, Xuan Yang
World Journal of Diabetes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Does Rosuvastatin/Ezetimibe Combination Therapy Offer Potential Benefits for Glucose Metabolism beyond Lipid-Lowering Efficacy in T2DM?
Il Rae Park, Jun Sung Moon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(3): 387. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of double-dose statin monotherapy versus moderate-intensity statin combined with ezetimibe dual therapy in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Aman Goyal, Muhammad Daoud Tariq, Hritvik Jain, Abhigan Babu Shrestha, Laveeza Fatima, Romana Riyaz, Hritik Raj Yadav, Darsh Safi, Abdul Qahar K. Yasinzai, Rozi Khan, Amir Humza Sohail, Mohamed Daoud, Abu Baker Sheikh
Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of moderate-intensity rosuvastatin plus ezetimibe versus high-intensity rosuvastatin monotherapy in the treatment of composite cardiovascular events with hypercholesterolemia: A meta-analysis
Lingyan Liu, Yongkun Deng, Lei Li, Xingbiao Yang, Zhaoheng Yin, Yong Lai, Jaspinder Kaur
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(11): e0310696. CrossRef

Review

Guideline/Fact Sheet
2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association: Jong Han Choi, Kyung Ae Lee, Joon Ho Moon, Suk Chon, Dae Jung Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Nan Hee Kim, Ji A Seo, Mee Kyoung Kim, Jeong Hyun Lim, YoonJu Song, Ye Seul Yang, Jae Hyeon Kim, You-Bin Lee, Junghyun Noh, Kyu Yeon Hur, Jong Suk Park, Sang Youl Rhee, Hae Jin Kim, Hyun Min Kim, Jung Hae Ko, Nam Hoon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Jeeyun Ahn, Tae Jung Oh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Eugene Han, Sang-Man Jin, Won Suk Choi, Min Kyong Moon, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(5):575-594. Published online September 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0282

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In May 2023, the Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association published the revised clinical practice guidelines for Korean adults with diabetes and prediabetes. We incorporated the latest clinical research findings through a comprehensive systematic literature review and applied them in a manner suitable for the Korean population. These guidelines are designed for all healthcare providers nationwide, including physicians, diabetes experts, and certified diabetes educators who manage patients with diabetes or individuals at risk of developing diabetes. Based on recent changes in international guidelines and the results of a Korean epidemiological study, the recommended age for diabetes screening has been lowered. In collaboration with the relevant Korean medical societies, recently revised guidelines for managing hypertension and dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes have been incorporated into this guideline. An abridgment containing practical information on patient education and systematic management in the clinic was published separately.

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Yohan Park, Won Min Hwang
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Eugene Han, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Sang Hoon Ahn, Yong-ho Lee, Seung Up Kim
Metabolism.2024; 152: 155789. CrossRef
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In-Kyung Jeong
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Clinical Hypertension.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Seung-Hwan Lee
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 109(12): e2317. CrossRef
Effect of Adding Apolipoprotein B Testing on the Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Korean Adult Population
Rihwa Choi, Sang Gon Lee, Eun Hee Lee
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Biosensors and Bioelectronics.2024; 257: 116297. CrossRef
Cardiorenal outcomes and mortality after sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitor initiation in type 2 diabetes patients with percutaneous coronary intervention history
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(7): 2567. CrossRef
SGLT2i impact on HCC incidence in patients with fatty liver disease and diabetes: a nation-wide cohort study in South Korea
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Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Nina Dimitrijević-Jovanović, Hristina Ugrinović, Radomir Mitić, Nevena Kalezić
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Evaluation of glycemic response of ten local meals commonly consumed from Chad
Zoufane Guedeungbe, Jean Paul Bayang, Benoît Bargui Koubala
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Glycemic Control and Oral Health Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes: Insights From a Nationwide Korean Survey
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Yun Kyung Cho, Kyung-Soo Kim, Byung-Wan Lee, Jun Hwa Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Soo Lim, Ye An Kim, Chang Beom Lee, Sang Soo Kim, Soo Heon Kwak, Woo Je Lee
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Min Jin Lee, Ji Hyun Bae, Ah Reum Khang, Dongwon Yi, Joo Yeon Kim, Su Hyun Kim, Dong Hee Kim, Dasol Kang, Sujin Park, Yun Kyung Jeon, Sang Soo Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Mi Sook Yun, Yang Ho Kang
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Jennifer Bolt, Valeria Carvalho, Kristine Lin, Sung Ju Lee, Colleen Inglis
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Trends in prescribing sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without cardiovascular‐renal disease in South Korea, 2015–2021
Kyoung Hwa Ha, Soyoung Shin, EunJi Na, Dae Jung Kim
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Original Articles

Technology/Device
Clinical and Lifestyle Determinants of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Metrics in Insulin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Da Young Lee, Namho Kim, Inha Jung, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Jihee Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sung-Min Park, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):826-836. Published online August 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0273

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Background
There was limited evidence to evaluate the association between lifestyle habits and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics. Thus, we aimed to depict the behavioral and metabolic determinants of CGM metrics in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods
This is a prospective observational study. We analyzed data from 122 insulin-treated patients with T2DM. Participants wore Dexcom G6 and Fitbit, and diet information was identified for 10 days. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed for the simultaneous achievement of CGM-based targets, defined by the percentage of time in terms of hyper, hypoglycemia and glycemic variability (GV). Intake of macronutrients and fiber, step counts, sleep, postprandial C-peptide-to-glucose ratio (PCGR), information about glucose lowering medications and metabolic factors were added to the analyses. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of the distribution of energy and macronutrient during a day, and snack consumption on CGM metrics.
Results
Logistic regression analysis revealed that female, participants with high PCGR, low glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and daytime step count had a higher probability of achieving all targets based on CGM (odds ratios [95% confidence intervals] which were 0.24 [0.09 to 0.65], 1.34 [1.03 to 1.25], 0.95 [0.9 to 0.99], and 1.15 [1.03 to 1.29], respectively). And participants who ate snacks showed a shorter period of hyperglycemia and less GV compared to those without.
Conclusion
We confirmed that residual insulin secretion, daytime step count, HbA1c, and women were the most relevant determinants of adequate glycemic control in insulin-treated patients with T2DM. In addition, individuals with snack consumption were exposed to lower times of hyperglycemia and GV.

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Explanatory variables of objectively measured 24-h movement behaviors in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Lotte Bogaert, Iris Willems, Patrick Calders, Eveline Dirinck, Manon Kinaupenne, Marga Decraene, Bruno Lapauw, Boyd Strumane, Margot Van Daele, Vera Verbestel, Marieke De Craemer
Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews.2024; 18(4): 102995. CrossRef

Cardiovascular Risk/Epidemiology
Comparison of on-Statin Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels for the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Event in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ji Yoon Kim, Jimi Choi, Sin Gon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(6):837-845. Published online August 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0217

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
A substantial cardiovascular disease risk remains even after optimal statin therapy. Comparative predictiveness of major lipid and lipoprotein parameters for cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who are treated with statins is not well documented.
Methods
From the Korean Nationwide Cohort, 11,900 patients with T2DM (≥40 years of age) without a history of cardiovascular disease and receiving moderate- or high-intensity statins were included. The primary outcome was the first occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, and cardiovascular death. The risk of MACE was estimated according to on-statin levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and non-HDL-C.
Results
MACE occurred in 712 patients during a median follow-up period of 37.9 months (interquartile range, 21.7 to 54.9). Among patients achieving LDL-C levels less than 100 mg/dL, the hazard ratios for MACE per 1-standard deviation change in ontreatment values were 1.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07 to 1.47) for LDL-C, 1.31 (95% CI, 1.09 to 1.57) for non-HDL-C, 1.05 (95% CI, 0.91 to 1.21) for TG, and 1.16 (95% CI, 0.98 to 1.37) for HDL-C, after adjusting for potential confounders and lipid parameters mutually. The predictive ability of on-statin LDL-C and non-HDL-C for MACE was prominent in patients at high cardiovascular risk or those with LDL-C ≥70 mg/dL.
Conclusion
On-statin LDL-C and non-HDL-C levels are better predictors of the first cardiovascular event than TG or HDL-C in patients with T2DM.

Editorial

Optimal Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level for Primary Prevention in Koreans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):42-44. Published online January 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0454

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Review

Pathophysiology
Renoprotective Mechanism of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: Focusing on Renal Hemodynamics: Nam Hoon Kim, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(4):543-551. Published online July 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0209

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Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent renal complication of diabetes mellitus that ultimately develops into end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) when not managed appropriately. Substantial risk of ESKD remains even with intensive management of hyperglycemia and risk factors of DKD and timely use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibitors. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce hyperglycemia primarily by inhibiting glucose and sodium reabsorption in the renal proximal tubule. Currently, their effects expand to prevent or delay cardiovascular and renal adverse events, even in those without diabetes. In dedicated renal outcome trials, SGLT2 inhibitors significantly reduced the risk of composite renal adverse events, including the development of ESKD or renal replacement therapy, which led to the positioning of SGLT2 inhibitors as the mainstay of chronic kidney disease management. Multiple mechanisms of action of SGLT2 inhibitors, including hemodynamic, metabolic, and anti-inflammatory effects, have been proposed. Restoration of tubuloglomerular feedback is a plausible explanation for the alteration in renal hemodynamics induced by SGLT2 inhibition and for the associated renal benefit. This review discusses the clinical rationale and mechanism related to the protection SGLT2 inhibitors exert on the kidney, focusing on renal hemodynamic effects.

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Original Articles

Drug/Regimen
Safety and Effectiveness of Empagliflozin in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results from a Nationwide Post-Marketing Surveillance: Jun Sung Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Jin Oh Na, Jae Hyoung Cho, In-Kyung Jeong, Soon Hee Lee, Ji-Oh Mok, Nan Hee Kim, Dong Jin Chung, Jinhong Cho, Dong Woo Lee, Sun Woo Lee, Kyu Chang Won; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(1):82-91. Published online June 20, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0356

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Background
To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of empagliflozin in routine clinical settings, we collected and assessed the clinical profiles of Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
This was a post-marketing surveillance study of empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg. Information on adverse events and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was collected as safety data sets. Available effectiveness outcomes, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, fasting plasma glucose, body weight, and blood pressure, were assessed.
Results
The incidence rate of ADRs was 5.14% in the safety dataset (n=3,231). Pollakiuria, pruritis genital, and weight loss were the most common ADRs. ADRs of special interest accounted for only 1.18%, and there were no serious events that led to mortality or hospitalization. In the effectiveness data set (n=2,567), empagliflozin significantly reduced the mean HbA1c level and body weight during the study period by –0.68%±1.39% and –1.91±3.37 kg (both P<0.0001), respectively. In addition, shorter disease duration, absence of dyslipidemia, and higher baseline HbA1c levels were identified as the clinical features characteristic of a “responder” to empagliflozin therapy.
Conclusion
Empagliflozin is a safe and potent glucose-lowering drug in routine use among Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is expected to have better glycemic efficacy in Korean patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Citations

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Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Bangladeshi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (EFFISAEM Study)
Mohammad Saifuddin, Ajit K. Paul, Sultana M. Shefin, Md. Jahangir Alam, Shahjada Selim, Sunjida Islam, Tanjina Hossain, Sadiqa Tuqan, Nusrat Sultana, Marufa Mustari, Ramen C. Basak, Kazi A. Aftab, Indrajit Prasad, Mohammad R. Uddin, Shoma Sharker, Md. Abu
Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2024; 28(5): 500. CrossRef
Blood pressure reduction with empagliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: a post-hoc sub-analysis of the placebo-controlled randomized EMBLEM trial
Atsushi Tanaka, Michio Shimabukuro, Hiroki Teragawa, Hisako Yoshida, Yosuke Okada, Toshinari Takamura, Isao Taguchi, Shigeru Toyoda, Hirofumi Tomiyama, Shinichiro Ueda, Yukihito Higashi, Koichi Node, Junya Ako, Hirohisa Amano, Itaru Hisauchi, Yumi Ikehara
Hypertension Research.2024; 47(9): 2295. CrossRef
Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Two Empagliflozin Formulations in Healthy Korean Subjects
Xu Jiang, Sungyeun Bae, Deok Yong Yoon, Shin Jung Park, Jaeseong Oh, Joo-Youn Cho, Kyung-Sang Yu
Drug Design, Development and Therapy.2023; Volume 17: 2137. CrossRef
Comparative safety of different sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Chun Xing Li, Li Yan Liu, Chen Xiao Zhang, Xu Hua Geng, Si Meng Gu, Yu Qiao Wang, Hua Liu, Qing Xie, Shuo Liang
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Others
Fasting Glucose Variability and the Risk of Dementia in Individuals with Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study: Da Young Lee, Jaeyoung Kim, Sanghyun Park, So Young Park, Ji Hee Yu, Ji A Seo, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Sin Gon Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Kyungdo Han, Nan Hee Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(6):923-935. Published online May 24, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0346

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Background
We investigated whether fasting glucose (FG) variability could predict the risk of dementia.
Methods
This cohort study analyzed data from Koreans with diabetes after at least three health examinations by the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation between 2005 and 2010, which included at least one examination between 2009 and 2010. A total of 769,554 individuals were included, excluding those aged <40 years and those with dementia. FG variability was measured using the variability independent of the mean (FG-VIM). The incidence of dementia was defined by the International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes and prescription of anti-dementia medication and was subdivided into Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD).
Results
During the 6.9-year follow-up, 54,837, 41,032, and 6,892 cases of all-cause dementia, AD, and VD, respectively, were identified. Cox proportional regression analyses showed that as the FG-VIM quartile increased, the risk of dementia serially increased after adjustment for metabolic factors, income status, and diabetes-related characteristics, including the mean FG. Participants in FG-VIM quartile 4 showed a 18%, 19%, and 17% higher risk for all-cause dementia, AD, and VD, respectively, than those in quartile 1; this particularly included non-obese patients with a longer duration of diabetes, high FG levels, dyslipidemia, and those taking glucose-lowering medications. Conversely, the baseline FG status and dementia showed a U-shaped association.
Conclusion
Increased FG variability over 5 years can predict the risk of dementia in individuals with diabetes in Korea. This finding was more pronounced in patients with less favorable metabolic profiles.

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Sung Hoon Kang, Yunjin Choi, Su Jin Chung, Seok-Joo Moon, Chi Kyung Kim, Ji Hyun Kim, Kyungmi Oh, Joon Shik Yoon, Sang Won Seo, Geum Joon Cho, Seong-Beom Koh
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Vishal Chavda, Dhananjay Yadav, Snehal Patel, Minseok Song
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Patricia C. Underwood, Libin Zhang, David C. Mohr, Julia C. Prentice, Richard E. Nelson, Andrew E. Budson, Paul R. Conlin
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Phan Thanh Phuc, Phung-Anh Nguyen, Nam N. Nguyen, Min-Huei Hsu, Khanh NQ. Le, Quoc-Viet Tran, Chih-Wei Huang, Hsuan-Chia Yang, Cheng-Yu Chen, Thi Anh Hoa Le, Minh Khoi Le, Hoang Bac Nguyen, Christine Y. Lu, Jason C. Hsu
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Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Associations between Weight-Adjusted Waist Index and Abdominal Fat and Muscle Mass: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis: Ji Yoon Kim, Jimi Choi, Chantal A. Vella, Michael H. Criqui, Matthew A. Allison, Nam Hoon Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):747-755. Published online March 30, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0294

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Background
The weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) reflected body compositional changes with aging. This study was to investigate the association of WWI with abdominal fat and muscle mass in a diverse race/ethnic population.
Methods
Computed tomography (CT) data from 1,946 participants for abdominal fat and muscle areas from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (785 Whites, 252 Asians, 406 African American, and 503 Hispanics) were used. Among them, 595 participants underwent repeated CT. The WWI was calculated as waist circumference (cm) divided by the square root of body weight (kg). The associations of WWI with abdominal fat and muscle measures were examined, and longitudinal changes in abdominal composition measures were compared.
Results
In all race/ethnic groups, WWI was positively correlated with total abdominal fat area (TFA), subcutaneous fat area, and visceral fat area, but negatively correlated with total abdominal muscle area (TMA) and abdominal muscle radiodensity (P<0.001 for all). WWI showed a linear increase with aging regardless of race and there were no significant differences in the WWI distribution between Whites, Asians, and African Americans. In longitudinal analyses, over 38.6 months of follow-up, all abdominal fat measures increased but muscle measures decreased, along with increase in WWI. The more the WWI increased, the more the TFA increased and the more the TMA decreased.
Conclusion
WWI showed positive associations with abdominal fat mass and negative associations with abdominal muscle mass, which likely reflects the abdominal compositional changes with aging in a multi-ethnic population.

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Review

Guideline/Fact Sheet
2021 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: Kyu Yeon Hur, Min Kyong Moon, Jong Suk Park, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee, Jae-Seung Yun, Jong Ha Baek, Junghyun Noh, Byung-Wan Lee, Tae Jung Oh, Suk Chon, Ye Seul Yang, Jang Won Son, Jong Han Choi, Kee Ho Song, Nam Hoon Kim, Sang Yong Kim, Jin Wha Kim, Sang Youl Rhee, You-Bin Lee, Sang-Man Jin, Jae Hyeon Kim, Chong Hwa Kim, Dae Jung Kim, SungWan Chun, Eun-Jung Rhee, Hyun Min Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Donghyun Jee, Jae Hyun Kim, Won Seok Choi, Eun-Young Lee, Kun-Ho Yoon, Seung-Hyun Ko, Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association; Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):461-481. Published online July 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0156

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Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA) updated the previous clinical practice guidelines for Korean adults with diabetes and prediabetes and published the seventh edition in May 2021. We performed a comprehensive systematic review of recent clinical trials and evidence that could be applicable in real-world practice and suitable for the Korean population. The guideline is provided for all healthcare providers including physicians, diabetes experts, and certified diabetes educators across the country who manage patients with diabetes or the individuals at the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. The recommendations for screening diabetes and glucose-lowering agents have been revised and updated. New sections for continuous glucose monitoring, insulin pump use, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with diabetes mellitus have been added. The KDA recommends active vaccination for coronavirus disease 2019 in patients with diabetes during the pandemic. An abridgement that contains practical information for patient education and systematic management in the clinic was published separately.

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Endocrine Practice.2023; 29(5): 379. CrossRef
Anagliptin twice‐daily regimen improves glycaemic variability in subjects with type 2 diabetes: A double‐blind, randomized controlled trial
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(5): 1174. CrossRef
Implementation of five machine learning methods to predict the 52-week blood glucose level in patients with type 2 diabetes
Xiaomin Fu, Yuhan Wang, Ryan S. Cates, Nan Li, Jing Liu, Dianshan Ke, Jinghua Liu, Hongzhou Liu, Shuangtong Yan
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Lipid Management in Korean People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Consensus Statement
Ye Seul Yang, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Sang-Hyun Kim, Min Kyong Moon
Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2023; 12(1): 12. CrossRef
The Efficacy of Treatment Intensification by Quadruple Oral Therapy Compared to GLP-1RA Therapy in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Real-world Data Study
Minyoung Kim, Hosu Kim, Kyong Young Kim, Soo Kyoung Kim, Junghwa Jung, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Jaehoon Jung, Jong Ha Baek
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 135. CrossRef
Safety and Effectiveness of Empagliflozin in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Results from a Nationwide Post-Marketing Surveillance
Jun Sung Moon, Nam Hoon Kim, Jin Oh Na, Jae Hyoung Cho, In-Kyung Jeong, Soon Hee Lee, Ji-Oh Mok, Nan Hee Kim, Dong Jin Chung, Jinhong Cho, Dong Woo Lee, Sun Woo Lee, Kyu Chang Won
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 82. CrossRef
Evaluation and Management of Patients With Diabetes and Heart Failure: A Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Heart Failure Consensus Statement
Kyu-Sun Lee, Junghyun Noh, Seong-Mi Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Seok-Min Kang, Kyu-Chang Won, Hyun-Jai Cho, Min Kyong Moon
International Journal of Heart Failure.2023; 5(1): 1. CrossRef
Influenza vaccination trend and related factors among patients with diabetes in Korea: Analysis using a nationwide database
Dong-Hwa Lee, Bumhee Yang, Seonhye Gu, Eung-Gook Kim, Youlim Kim, Hyung Koo Kang, Yeong Hun Choe, Hyun Jeong Jeon, Seungyong Park, Hyun Lee
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Optimal Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level for Primary Prevention in Koreans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Ji Yoon Kim, Nam Hoon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 42. CrossRef
Evaluation and Management of Patients with Diabetes and Heart Failure: A Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Heart Failure Consensus Statement
Kyu-Sun Lee, Junghyun Noh, Seong-Mi Park, Kyung Mook Choi, Seok-Min Kang, Kyu-Chang Won, Hyun-Jai Cho, Min Kyong Moon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 10. CrossRef
Lipid Management in Korean People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Korean Diabetes Association and Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Consensus Statement
Ye Seul Yang, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Sang-Hyun Kim, Min Kyong Moon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 1. CrossRef
Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Korean Adults: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Junghyun Noh, Min Kyong Moon, Eun-Jung Rhee, Sang Hyun Park, Hyeon Chang Kim, Byung Jin Kim, Hae Jin Kim, Seonghoon Choi, Jin Oh Na, Young Youl Hyun, Bum Joon Kim, Kyung-Do Han, In-Kyung Jeong
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 59. CrossRef
Analysis of the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes, Requirement of Insulin Treatment, and Diabetes-Related Complications among Patients with Cancer
Su Jung Lee, Chulho Kim, Hyunjae Yu, Dong-Kyu Kim
Cancers.2023; 15(4): 1094. CrossRef
The 2022 focused update of the 2018 Korean Hypertension Society Guidelines for the management of hypertension
Hack-Lyoung Kim, Eun Mi Lee, Shin Young Ahn, Kwang-il Kim, Hyeon Chang Kim, Ju Han Kim, Hae-Young Lee, Jang Hoon Lee, Jong-Moo Park, Eun Joo Cho, Sungha Park, Jinho Shin, Young-Kwon Kim
Clinical Hypertension.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Consistency of 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake and the relationship of dietary intake with blood glucose, hbA1c, BMI, and lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes
DaeEun Lee, Haejung Lee, Sangeun Lee, MinJin Lee, Ah Reum Khang
Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science.2023; 25(1): 20. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin versus dapagliflozin added to metformin plus gemigliptin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: A double-blind, randomized, comparator-active study: ENHANCE-D study
Kyung-Soo Kim, Kyung Ah Han, Tae Nyun Kim, Cheol-Young Park, Jung Hwan Park, Sang Yong Kim, Yong Hyun Kim, Kee Ho Song, Eun Seok Kang, Chul Sik Kim, Gwanpyo Koh, Jun Goo Kang, Mi Kyung Kim, Ji Min Han, Nan Hee Kim, Ji Oh Mok, Jae Hyuk Lee, Soo Lim, Sang S
Diabetes & Metabolism.2023; 49(4): 101440. CrossRef
Effect of olmesartan and amlodipine on serum angiotensin-(1–7) levels and kidney and vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension
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Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Menopausal hormone therapy and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Health Insurance Database in South Korea–based retrospective cohort study
Jin-Sung Yuk, Jung Min Kim
Menopause.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Intensified Multifactorial Intervention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Takayoshi Sasako, Toshimasa Yamauchi, Kohjiro Ueki
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(2): 185. CrossRef
Association between antidiabetic drugs and the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes: A nationwide cohort study in South Korea
Sunyoung Kim, So Young Park, Bongseong Kim, Chanyang Min, Wonyoung Cho, Dong Keon Yon, Joo Young Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee, Sang Youl Rhee
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 198: 110626. CrossRef
Totally robotic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a morbidly obese patient in Korea: a case report
Ji Won Seo, Kyong-Hwa Jun
Journal of Minimally Invasive Surgery.2023; 26(1): 40. CrossRef
Effect of diabetes-specific oral nutritional supplements with allulose on weight and glycemic profiles in overweight or obese type 2 diabetic patients
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Nutrition Research and Practice.2023; 17(2): 241. CrossRef
Associations Between Modifiable Risk Factors and Changes in Glycemic Status Among Individuals With Prediabetes
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Diabetes Care.2023; 46(3): 535. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of enavogliflozin, a novel SGLT2 inhibitor, in Korean people with type 2 diabetes: A 24‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase III trial
Soo Heon Kwak, Kyung Ah Han, Kyung‐Soo Kim, Jae Myung Yu, EunSook Kim, Jong Chul Won, Jun Goo Kang, Choon Hee Chung, Seungjoon Oh, Sung Hee Choi, Kyu Chang Won, Sin Gon Kim, Seung Ah Cho, Bo Young Cho, Kyong Soo Park
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(7): 1865. CrossRef
Adjusting the Use of Glucose-Lowering Agents in the Real-World Clinical Management of People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Narrative Review
Siew Pheng Chan, Lee-Ling Lim, Juliana C. N. Chan, David R. Matthews
Diabetes Therapy.2023; 14(5): 823. CrossRef
The association of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and kidney function in Korean adolescents using data from Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) cycle 4 (2018–2020): a cross-sectional study
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A Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Dapagliflozin Formate, an Ester Prodrug of Dapagliflozin, to Dapagliflozin Propanediol Monohydrate in Healthy Subjects
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Drug Design, Development and Therapy.2023; Volume 17: 1203. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of monotherapy with enavogliflozin in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Results of a 12‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 2 trial
Ye Seul Yang, Kyung Wan Min, Seok‐O Park, Kyung‐Soo Kim, Jae Myung Yu, Eun‐Gyoung Hong, Sung Rae Cho, Kyu Chang Won, Yong Hyun Kim, Seungjoon Oh, Sung Hee Choi, Gwanpyo Koh, Wan Huh, Su Young Kim, Kyong Soo Park
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An Integrated Digital Health Care Platform for Diabetes Management With AI-Based Dietary Management: 48-Week Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial
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Performance of Simple Fibrosis Score in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with and without Type 2 Diabetes
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(2): 277. CrossRef
Correlation analysis of cancer incidence after pravastatin treatment
Jin Yu, Raeun Kim, Jiwon Shinn, Man Young Park, Hun-Sung Kim
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 61. CrossRef
Comparison of the effects of gemigliptin versus glimepiride on cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled with metformin: The gemi‐heart study
Seung Min Chung, Jun Sung Moon, Jun Hwa Hong, In‐Chang Hwang, Soo Lim
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(8): 2181. CrossRef
The era of continuous glucose monitoring and its expanded role in type 2 diabetes
Jin Yu, Jae‐Hyoung Cho, Seung‐Hwan Lee
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Impact of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control and its derived metrics in type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study
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Impact of mental disorders on the risk of heart failure among Korean patients with diabetes: a cohort study
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Asia-Pacific consensus recommendations for application of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes management
Alice P.S. Kong, Soo Lim, Seung-Hyun Yoo, Linong Ji, Liming Chen, Yuqian Bao, Ester Yeoh, Siew-Pheng Chan, Chih-Yuan Wang, Viswanathan Mohan, Neale Cohen, Margaret J. McGill, Stephen M. Twigg
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Chronic disease management program applied to type 2 diabetes patients and prevention of diabetic complications: a retrospective cohort study using nationwide data
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Fatty Liver & Diabetes Statistics in Korea: Nationwide Data 2009 to 2017
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Opening the Precision Diabetes Care through Digital Healthcare
Joonyub Lee, Jin Yu, Kun-Ho Yoon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 307. CrossRef
Glycemia according to the Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Adults with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Korea: A Real-World Study
You-Bin Lee, Minjee Kim, Jae Hyeon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(3): 405. CrossRef
Navigating the Seas of Glycemic Control: The Role of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
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Lost in translation: assessing the nomenclature change for diabetic kidney disease in Japan
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Diabetology International.2023; 14(4): 319. CrossRef
Effects of dapagliflozin compared with glimepiride on body composition in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin: The BEYOND study
Hyeong Kyu Park, Kyoung‐Ah Kim, Kyung‐Wan Min, Tae‐Seo Sohn, In Kyung Jeong, Chul Woo Ahn, Nan‐Hee Kim, Ie Byung Park, Ho Chan Cho, Choon Hee Chung, Sung Hee Choi, Kang Seo Park, Seoung‐Oh Yang, Kwan Woo Lee
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(9): 2743. CrossRef
Topic Modeling Analysis of Diabetes-Related Health Information during the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic
Soyoon Min, Jeongwon Han
Healthcare.2023; 11(13): 1871. CrossRef
Screening Test for Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Diabetes
Ji-Oh Mok, Chan-Hee Jung
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(2): 76. CrossRef
Paradigm Shift in Management of Hyperglycemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Glucocentric versus Organ Protection
Jong Chul Won
The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(2): 59. CrossRef
Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression among Korean midlife women: a cross-sectional analysis study
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BMC Nursing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Fibrotic Burden in the Liver Differs Across Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Subtypes
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Gut and Liver.2023; 17(4): 610. CrossRef
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Hack-Lyoung Kim, Hyun-Jin Kim, Mina Kim, Sang Min Park, Hyun Ju Yoon, Young Sup Byun, Seong-Mi Park, Mi-Seung Shin, Kyung-Soon Hong, Myung-A Kim
BMC Women's Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(7): 427. CrossRef
Medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus
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Identification of individuals at risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: screening for clinically significant liver fibrosis in patients with T2DM
Tina Reinson, Ryan M Buchanan, Christopher D Byrne
Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2023; 18(5): 355. CrossRef
Additive impact of diabetes and sarcopenia on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A longitudinal nationwide population-based study
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Metabolism.2023; 148: 155678. CrossRef
Risk of Pancreatic Cancer and Use of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis
Mee Kyoung Kim, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Soon Jib Yoo
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(4): 426. CrossRef
Incident infection risks depending on oral antidiabetic exposure in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes patients
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Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Dyslipidemia Fact Sheet in South Korea, 2022
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Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis.2023; 12(3): 237. CrossRef
Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly Adults in Korea: Based on Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2019 to 2020
Seung-Hyun Ko, Kyung Do Han, Yong-Moon Park, Jae-Seung Yun, Kyuho Kim, Jae-Hyun Bae, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Nan-Hee Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(5): 643. CrossRef
Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A State-of-the-Art Review
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Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2023; 32(3): 197. CrossRef
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The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(3): 111. CrossRef
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2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes Mellitus of the Korean Diabetes Association
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Riesgo residual. Conclusiones
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Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(5): 538. CrossRef
2023 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diabetes
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The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2023; 24(3): 120. CrossRef
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Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Coleus forskohlii Root Extract (ForcslimTM) as a Prospective Antidiabetic Agent: In vitro Glucose Uptake Stimulation and α-Amylase Inhibitory Effects
Firoz Hirehal Hussain Mi, Channangihalli Thimmegowda Sadashiva, Neethumol Benny, Sreedrisya Ayippakkari Kuttiattu, Ravi Subban
International Journal of Pharmacology.2023; 19(5): 730. CrossRef
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Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(6): 846. CrossRef
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Journal of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.2023; 12(2): 26. CrossRef
Genetic Risk Score for Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study
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Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2022; 13(5): 756. CrossRef
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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(6): 3280. CrossRef
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2022; 24(6): 1105. CrossRef
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Kidney Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 41(2): 136. CrossRef
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Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation.2022; 81(4): 293. CrossRef
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Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2022; 4(2): 75. CrossRef
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Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Epidemiology and Health.2022; 44: e2022041. CrossRef
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Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2022; 13(9): 1533. CrossRef
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Effect of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets and Intermittent Fasting on Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension Management: Consensus Statement of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hype
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Effect of carbohydrate-restricted diets and intermittent fasting on obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension management: consensus statement of the Korean Society for the Study of obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hype
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Eun Young Lee, Seon-Ah Cha, Jae-Seung Yun, Sun-Young Lim, Jin-Hee Lee, Yu-Bae Ahn, Kun-Ho Yoon, Min Kyung Hyun, Seung-Hyun Ko
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Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2022; 24(9): 1800. CrossRef
Hypoglycemic agents and glycemic variability in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis
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Tolerability and Effectiveness of Switching to Dulaglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Insulin Therapy
Youngsook Kim, Ji Hye Huh, Minyoung Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Byung-Wan Lee
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Utilization of Diabetes Complication Tests Under the COVID-19 Pandemic: Machine Learning Approach
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Association of prediabetes with death and diabetic complications in older adults: the pros and cons of active screening for prediabetes
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Age and Ageing.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Recent information on test utilization and intraindividual change in anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody in Korea: a retrospective study
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Extra-Glycemic Effects of Anti-Diabetic Medications: Two Birds with One Stone?
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Pharmacological Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Antidiabetic Agents
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The Journal of Korean Diabetes.2022; 23(2): 83. CrossRef
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