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Pioglitazone as Add-on Therapy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled with Dapagliflozin and Metformin: Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Ji Hye Heo, Kyung Ah Han, Jun Hwa Hong, Hyun-Ae Seo, Eun-Gyoung Hong, Jae Myung Yu, Hye Seung Jung, Bong-Soo Cha
Diabetes Metab J. 2024;48(5):937-948.   Published online February 2, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2023.0314
  • 5,353 View
  • 409 Download
  • 1 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of triple therapy with pioglitazone 15 mg add-on versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin.
Methods
In this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, phase 3 study, patients with T2DM with an inadequate response to treatment with metformin (≥1,000 mg/day) plus dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) were randomized to receive additional pioglitazone 15 mg/day (n=125) or placebo (n=125) for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from baseline to week 24 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05101135).
Results
At week 24, the adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c level compared with placebo was significantly greater with pioglitazone treatment (–0.47%; 95% confidence interval, –0.61 to –0.33; P<0.0001). A greater proportion of patients achieved HbA1c <7% or <6.5% at week 24 with pioglitazone compared to placebo as add-on to 10 mg dapagliflozin and metformin (56.8% vs. 28% for HbA1c <7%, and 23.2% vs. 9.6% for HbA1c <6.5%; P<0.0001 for all). The addition of pioglitazone also significantly improved triglyceride, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance levels, while placebo did not. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events was similar between the groups, and the incidence of fluid retention-related side effects by pioglitazone was low (1.5%).
Conclusion
Triple therapy with the addition of 15 mg/day of pioglitazone to dapagliflozin plus metformin was well tolerated and produced significant improvements in HbA1c in patients with T2DM inadequately controlled with dapagliflozin plus metformin.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Ideal Combination of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents for Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
    Hye Soon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2024; 48(5): 882.     CrossRef
Complications
Article image
Deterioration of Sleep Quality According to Glycemic Status
Myung Haeng Hur, Mi-Kyoung Lee, Kayeon Seong, Jun Hwa Hong
Diabetes Metab J. 2020;44(5):679-686.   Published online April 17, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2019.0125
  • 5,707 View
  • 129 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 11 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader   ePub   
Background

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive disease with multiple complications. The present study aimed to determine the effects of glycemic status on sleep quality in individuals with T2DM, prediabetes, and normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods

A total of 90 participants were categorized into three groups, T2DM (n=30), prediabetes (n=30), and NGT (n=30). Objective sleep quality was measured with the actigraph wrist-worn device over 3 nights and subjective sleep quality was evaluated with a questionnaire.

Results

The duration of diabetes in the T2DM group was 2.23 years and the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in the T2DM, prediabetes, and NGT groups were 7.83%, 5.80%, and 5.31%, respectively. Sleep efficiency decreased across the T2DM, prediabetes, and NGT groups (86.25%, 87.99%, and 90.22%, respectively; P=0.047). Additionally, HbA1c levels revealed a significant negative correlation with sleep efficiency (r=−0.348, P=0.001). The sleep quality questionnaire results were similar among the three groups.

Conclusion

Although the participants in the present study were not necessarily conscious of their sleep disturbances, deterioration in sleep quality progressed according to glycemic status.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Risk factors of non communicable diseases among recently diagnosed diabetic patients in a tertiary care Hospital
    Yusra Amin, Sonia Mushtaq, Rukhsana Farooq
    Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology.2024; 10(4): 205.     CrossRef
  • Metabolic health tracking using Ultrahuman M1 continuous glucose monitoring platform in non- and pre-diabetic Indians: a multi-armed observational study
    Monik Chaudhry, Mohit Kumar, Vatsal Singhal, Bhuvan Srinivasan
    Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Influence of sleep quality and other associated factors on glycemic control among diabetic patients: A hospital-based study
    Yusra Amin, Sonia Mushtaq, Rukhsana Taj, Umara Giyas, Sunil Sachadev
    Indian Journal of Clinical Anatomy and Physiology.2024; 11(1): 32.     CrossRef
  • Interventional effects of Pueraria oral liquid on T2DM rats and metabolomics analysis
    Hong-Bo Yang, Jie-Yu Song, Chan Xu, Jin Li, Chan Zhang, Sun Xie, Chun-li Teng
    Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2024; 175: 116780.     CrossRef
  • Replacing sedentary time with sleep and physical activity: associations with physical function and wellbeing in Type 2 diabetes
    Alix Covenant, Thomas Yates, Alex V. Rowlands, Paddy C. Dempsey, Charlotte L. Edwardson, Andrew P. Hall, Melanie J. Davies, Joseph Henson
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2024; 217: 111886.     CrossRef
  • Relation between sleep quality and glycemic control among type 2 diabetic patients
    Asmaa Ali Elsayed Ali
    Frontiers of Nursing.2023; 10(1): 115.     CrossRef
  • Heart rate variability in different sleep stages is associated with metabolic function and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Wenquan Cheng, Hongsen Chen, Leirong Tian, Zhimin Ma, Xingran Cui
    Frontiers in Physiology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association Between Diabetic Retinopathy and Insomnia Risk: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
    Yoo Hyun Um, Tae-Won Kim, Jong-Hyun Jeong, Seung-Chul Hong, Ho-Jun Seo, Kyung-Do Han
    Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Nutritional Biomarkers and Factors Correlated with Poor Sleep Status among Young Females: A Case-Control Study
    Sara AL-Musharaf, Lama AlAjllan, Ghadeer Aljuraiban, Munirah AlSuhaibani, Noura Alafif, Syed Danish Hussain
    Nutrients.2022; 14(14): 2898.     CrossRef
  • The impact of sleep disorders on microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (SLEEP T2D): the protocol of a cohort study and feasibility randomised control trial
    Christina Antza, Ryan Ottridge, Smitaa Patel, Gemma Slinn, Sarah Tearne, Matthew Nicholls, Brendan Cooper, Asad Ali, Abd A. Tahrani
    Pilot and Feasibility Studies.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Early Development of Bidirectional Associations between Sleep Disturbance and Diabetes
    Yongin Cho
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(5): 668.     CrossRef
Letter
Original Article
Clinical Care/Education
Patient Understanding of Hypoglycemia in Tertiary Referral Centers
Nan Hee Cho, Nam Kyung Kim, Eugene Han, Jun Hwa Hong, Eon Ju Jeon, Jun Sung Moon, Mi Hae Seo, Ji Eun Lee, Hyun-Ae Seo, Mi-Kyung Kim, Hye Soon Kim
Diabetes Metab J. 2018;42(1):43-52.   Published online February 23, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.42.1.43
  • 5,448 View
  • 82 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Hypoglycemia is an important complication in the treatment of patients with diabetes. We surveyed the insight by patients with diabetes into hypoglycemia, their hypoglycemia avoidance behavior, and their level of worry regarding hypoglycemia.

Methods

A survey of patients with diabetes, who had visited seven tertiary referral centers in Daegu or Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, between June 2014 and June 2015, was conducted. The survey contained questions about personal history, symptoms, educational experience, self-management, and attitudes about hypoglycemia.

Results

Of 758 participants, 471 (62.1%) had experienced hypoglycemia, and 250 (32.9%) had experienced hypoglycemia at least once in the month immediately preceding the study. Two hundred and forty-two (31.8%) of the participants had received hypoglycemia education at least once, but only 148 (19.4%) knew the exact definition of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemic symptoms identified by the participants were dizziness (55.0%), sweating (53.8%), and tremor (40.8%). They mostly chose candy (62.1%), chocolate (37.7%), or juice (36.8%) as food for recovering hypoglycemia. Participants who had experienced hypoglycemia had longer duration of diabetes and a higher proportion of insulin usage. The mean scores for hypoglycemia avoidance behavior and worry about hypoglycemia were 21.2±10.71 and 23.38±13.19, respectively. These scores tended to be higher for participants with higher than 8% of glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin use, and experience of emergency room visits.

Conclusion

Many patients had experienced hypoglycemia and worried about it. We recommend identifying patients that are anxious about hypoglycemia and educating them about what to do when they develop hypoglycemic symptoms, especially those who have a high risk of hypoglycemia.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Severe Hypoglycemia Increases Dementia Risk and Related Mortality: A Nationwide, Population-based Cohort Study
    Eugene Han, Kyung-do Han, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha, Seung-Hyun Ko, Yong-ho Lee
    The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(5): e1976.     CrossRef
  • Severe hypoglycemia as a preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
    Soo-Yeon Choi, Seung-Hyun Ko
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2021; 36(2): 263.     CrossRef
  • Severe hypoglycemia and the risk of end stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes
    Jae-Seung Yun, Yong-Moon Park, Kyungdo Han, Hyung-Wook Kim, Seon-Ah Cha, Yu-Bae Ahn, Seung-Hyun Ko
    Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Response: Patient Understanding of Hypoglycemia in Tertiary Referral Centers (Diabetes Metab J 2018;42:43-52)
    Nan Hee Cho, Hye Soon Kim
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(2): 175.     CrossRef
  • Letter: Patient Understanding of Hypoglycemia in Tertiary Referral Centers (Diabetes Metab J 2018;42:43-52)
    Jae-Han Jeon
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2018; 42(2): 173.     CrossRef
Response
Response: GDF15 Is a Novel Biomarker for Impaired Fasting Glucose (Diabetes Metab J 2014;38:472-9)
Jun Hwa Hong, Bon Jeong Ku, Minho Shong
Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(1):84-86.   Published online February 16, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.1.84
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PDFPubReader   
Original Article
GDF15 Is a Novel Biomarker for Impaired Fasting Glucose
Jun Hwa Hong, Hyo Kyun Chung, Hye Yoon Park, Kyong-Hye Joung, Ju Hee Lee, Jin Gyu Jung, Koon Soon Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Bon Jeong Ku, Minho Shong
Diabetes Metab J. 2014;38(6):472-479.   Published online December 15, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2014.38.6.472
  • 6,378 View
  • 88 Download
  • 72 Web of Science
  • 67 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader   
Background

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) is a protein that belongs to the transforming growth factor β superfamily. An elevated serum level of GDF15 was found to be associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is an inflammatory disease that progresses from normal glucose tolerance (NGT) to impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Hence, we aimed to validate the relationship between GDF15 and IFG.

Methods

The participants were divided into the following three groups: NGT (n=137), IFG (n=29), and T2DM (n=75). The controls and T2DM outpatients visited the hospital for routine health check-ups. We used fasting blood glucose to detect IFG in nondiabetic patients. We checked the body mass index (BMI), C-reactive protein level, metabolic parameters, and fasting serum GDF15 level.

Results

Age, BMI, triglyceride, insulin, glucose, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and GDF15 levels were elevated in the IFG and T2DM groups compared to the NGT group. In the correlation analysis between metabolic parameters and GDF15, age and HOMA-IR had a significant positive correlation with GDF15 levels. GDF15 significantly discriminated between IFG and NGT, independent of age, BMI, and HOMA-IR. The serum levels of GDF15 were more elevated in men than in women. As a biomarker for IFG based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the cutoff value of GDF15 was 510 pg/mL in males and 400 pg/mL in females.

Conclusion

GDF15 had a positive correlation with IR independent of age and BMI, and the serum level of GDF15 was increased in the IFG and T2DM groups. GDF15 may be a novel biomarker for detecting IFG in nondiabetic patients.

Citations

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    Vera Varhegyi, Anna Modos, Domonkos Trager, Dora Gerszi, Eszter Maria Horvath, Miklos Sipos, Nandor Acs, Maria Judit Molnar, Szabolcs Varbiro, Aniko Gal
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    Lili Yu, Yajing Zhou, Lijuan Wang, Xuan Zhou, Jing Sun, Jiarui Xiao, Xiaolin Xu, Susanna C. Larsson, Shuai Yuan, Xue Li
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  • Serum growth differentiation factor 15 level is associated with muscle strength and lower extremity function in older patients with cardiometabolic disease
    Kazuhito Oba, Joji Ishikawa, Yoshiaki Tamura, Yasunori Fujita, Masafumi Ito, Ai Iizuka, Yoshinori Fujiwara, Remi Kodera, Ayumi Toba, Kenji Toyoshima, Yuko Chiba, Seijiro Mori, Masashi Tanaka, Hideki Ito, Kazumasa Harada, Atsushi Araki
    Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2020; 20(10): 980.     CrossRef
  • Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a potential biomarker of both diabetic kidney disease and future cardiovascular events in cohorts of individuals with type 2 diabetes: a proteomics approach
    Axel C. Carlsson, Christoph Nowak, Lars Lind, Carl Johan Östgren, Fredrik H. Nyström, Johan Sundström, Juan Jesus Carrero, Ulf Riserus, Erik Ingelsson, Tove Fall, Johan Ärnlöv
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  • Elevated Plasma Growth and Differentiation Factor 15 Is Associated With Slower Gait Speed and Lower Physical Performance in Healthy Community-Dwelling Adults
    Richard D Semba, Marta Gonzalez-Freire, Toshiko Tanaka, Angelique Biancotto, Pingbo Zhang, Michelle Shardell, Ruin Moaddel, Luigi Ferrucci, Anne Newman
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    Alexander E. Berezin, Alexander A. Berezin
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  • Deterioration of Sleep Quality According to Glycemic Status
    Myung Haeng Hur, Mi-Kyoung Lee, Kayeon Seong, Jun Hwa Hong
    Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(5): 679.     CrossRef
  • Effects of plant and animal high protein diets on immune-inflammatory biomarkers: A 6-week intervention trial
    Mariya Markova, Liselot Koelman, Silke Hornemann, Olga Pivovarova, Stephanie Sucher, Juergen Machann, Natalia Rudovich, Ralph Thomann, Rosemarie Schneeweiss, Sascha Rohn, Andreas F.H. Pfeiffer, Krasimira Aleksandrova
    Clinical Nutrition.2020; 39(3): 862.     CrossRef
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Case Reports
Maintenance of Insulin Therapy by Desensitization in Insulin Allergy Patient.
Jun Hwa Hong, Ji Hye Lee, Jong Ho Shin, Dong Pil Kim, Bong Suk Ko, Byung Joon Kim, Hyun Jin Kim, Kang Seo Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2008;32(6):529-531.   Published online December 1, 2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2008.32.6.529
  • 2,540 View
  • 33 Download
  • 4 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Allergic reaction to human insulin is uncommon. But they can cause mild to severe symptoms such as dyspnea, hypotensive shock, etc. Here we report the case of a patient with type 2 diabetes and insulin allergy successfully managed with desensitization. A 60-year-old man with insulin allergy was transferred. He had poorly controlled type 2 diabetes (fasting blood glucose 230 mg/dL). He developed itching sense and erythema at the injection sites of human insulin in a few minutes. And serum IgE level was elevated to 1618.0 IU/mL. The insulin was changed to other preparations, including short and long-acting insulin analogues, with similar responses. He was commenced on twice a day injection protocol in addition to his oral hypoglycemic agents, and achieved fair control (fasting blood glucose 100 mg/dL) on 24 units of Novomix Flex Pen per day, with little or no skin or systemic reaction. This is the case report of insulin allergy in type 2 diabetes being successfully managed by desensitization.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Allergic reaction to recombinant human insulin
    Seong Jin Choi, Min Kwan Kwon, Moon Park, Soo Ya Bae, Hyun Ho Oh, Jong Ho Lee, Ji In Moon, Chan Sun Park, Jong Chul Won, Kyung Soo Ko, Byoung Doo Rhee, Jung Min Kim
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A case of Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis in Newly Diagnosed type 1 Diabetic patient.
Jae Min Lee, Kyu Yuop Hwang, Gi Young Choi, Hyo Jung Nam, Dong Hyun Seo, Sun Hyun Park, Jun hwa Hong, Hyun Jin Kim, Kang Seo Park
Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(5):495-499.   Published online September 1, 2005
  • 1,219 View
  • 23 Download
AbstractAbstract PDF
Rhino-orbital mucormycosis was a rare, but mostly fatal fungal infection, usually found in poorly controlled diabetics or other immunocompromised hosts. This fungal infection begins from the nose, and rapidly spreads to the paranasal sinus (PNS), orbits and central nervous system(CNS), and finally extends to the entire organ. Early diagnosis and treatment is the only way to increase the survival rate. Herein Is reported We experienced a case of rhino-orbital mucormycosis, with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which was confirmed by a maxillary sinus biopsy. A 38-year-old male had been frequently treated for tonsillitis, but with no history of diabetes mellitus. He was admitted with mental change, accompanied by a fever, facial tenderness and swelling, with progressive visual acuity loss. During admission, CT and MRI of the in orbital area were performed. A biopsy in of the nasal cavity was also performed, and the mucormycosis was diagnosed through the pathological finding. The patient was treated with intravenous amphotericn B and an endoscopic antrostomy.

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