Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Basic Research
Differentiation of Microencapsulated Neonatal Porcine Pancreatic Cell Clusters in Vitro Improves Transplant Efficacy in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Mice: Gyeong-Jin Cheon, Heon-Seok Park, Eun-Young Lee, Min Jung Kim, Young-Hye You, Marie Rhee, Ji-Won Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):677-688. Published online February 7, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0202

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Background
Neonatal porcine pancreatic cell clusters (NPCCs) have been proposed as an alternative source of β cells for islet transplantation because of their low cost and growth potential after transplantation. However, the delayed glucose lowering effect due to the immaturity of NPCCs and immunologic rejection remain as a barrier to NPCC’s clinical application. Here, we demonstrate accelerated differentiation and immune-tolerant NPCCs by in vitro chemical treatment and microencapsulation.
Methods
NPCCs isolated from 3-day-old piglets were cultured in F-10 media and then microencapsulated with alginate on day 5. Differentiation of NPCCs is facilitated by media supplemented with activin receptor-like kinase 5 inhibitor II, triiodothyronine and exendin-4 for 2 weeks. Marginal number of microencapsulated NPCCs to cure diabetes with and without differentiation were transplanted into diabetic mice and observed for 8 weeks.
Results
The proportion of insulin-positive cells and insulin mRNA levels of NPCCs were significantly increased in vitro in the differentiated group compared with the undifferentiated group. Blood glucose levels decreased eventually after transplantation of microencapsulated NPCCs in diabetic mice and normalized after 7 weeks in the differentiated group. In addition, the differentiated group showed nearly normal glucose tolerance at 8 weeks after transplantation. In contrast, neither blood glucose levels nor glucose tolerance were improved in the undifferentiated group. Retrieved graft in the differentiated group showed greater insulin response to high glucose compared with the undifferentiated group.
Conclusion
in vitro differentiation of microencapsulated immature NPCCs increased the proportion of insulin-positive cells and improved transplant efficacy in diabetic mice without immune rejection.

Citations

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Dual-targeted nano-encapsulation of neonatal porcine islet-like cell clusters with triiodothyronine-loaded bifunctional polymersomes
Sang Hoon Lee, Minse Kim, Eun-Jin Lee, Sun Mi Ahn, Yu-Rim Ahn, Jaewon Choi, Jung-Taek Kang, Hyun-Ouk Kim
Discover Nano.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Long‐term efficacy of encapsulated xenogeneic islet transplantation: Impact of encapsulation techniques and donor genetic traits
Heon‐Seok Park, Eun Young Lee, Young‐Hye You, Marie Rhee, Jong‐Min Kim, Seong‐Soo Hwang, Poong‐Yeon Lee
Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2024; 15(6): 693. CrossRef

Others
Generation of Insulin-Expressing Cells in Mouse Small Intestine by Pdx1, MafA, and BETA2/NeuroD: So-Hyun Lee, Marie Rhee, Ji-Won Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(5):405-416. Published online September 5, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.5.405

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Background

To develop surrogate insulin-producing cells for diabetes therapy, adult stem cells have been identified in various tissues and studied for their conversion into β-cells. Pancreatic progenitor cells are derived from the endodermal epithelium and formed in a manner similar to gut progenitor cells. Here, we generated insulin-producing cells from the intestinal epithelial cells that induced many of the specific pancreatic transcription factors using adenoviral vectors carrying three genes: PMB (pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 [Pdx1], V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A [MafA], and BETA2/NeuroD).

Methods

By direct injection into the intestine through the cranial mesenteric artery, adenoviruses (Ad) were successfully delivered to the entire intestine. After virus injection, we could confirm that the small intestine of the mouse was appropriately infected with the Ad-Pdx1 and triple Ad-PMB.

Results

Four weeks after the injection, insulin mRNA was expressed in the small intestine, and the insulin gene expression was induced in Ad-Pdx1 and Ad-PMB compared to control Ad-green fluorescent protein. In addition, the conversion of intestinal cells into insulin-expressing cells was detected in parts of the crypts and villi located in the small intestine.

Conclusion

These data indicated that PMB facilitate the differentiation of mouse intestinal cells into insulin-expressing cells. In conclusion, the small intestine is an accessible and abundant source of surrogate insulin-producing cells.

Citations

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Harnessing gut cells for functional insulin production: Strategies and challenges
Kelvin Baafi, John C. March
Biotechnology Notes.2023; 4: 7. CrossRef
Differential Morphological Diagnosis of Various Forms of Congenital Hyperinsulinism in Children
Lubov Borisovna Mitrofanova, Anastasia Arkadyevna Perminova, Daria Viktorovna Ryzhkova, Anna Andreyevna Sukhotskaya, Vladimir Gireyevich Bairov, Irina Leorovna Nikitina
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Generation of iPSC-derived insulin-producing cells from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control
Min Jung Kim, Eun Young Lee, Young-Hye You, Hae Kyung Yang, Kun-Ho Yoon, Ji-Won Kim
Stem Cell Research.2020; 48: 101958. CrossRef
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Generation of a PDX1–EGFP reporter human induced pluripotent stem cell line, KSCBi005-A-3, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system
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Pattern of Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia according to Type of Diabetes: A Predator Stress Model: Jin-Sun Chang, Young-Hye You, Shin-Young Park, Ji-Won Kim, Hun-Sung Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon, Jae-Hyoung Cho; Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37(6):475-483. Published online December 12, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2013.37.6.475

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Background

We aimed to quantify stress-induced hyperglycemia and differentiate the glucose response between normal animals and those with diabetes. We also examined the pattern in glucose fluctuation induced by stress according to type of diabetes.

Methods

To load psychological stress on animal models, we used a predator stress model by exposing rats to a cat for 60 minutes and measured glucose level from the beginning to the end of the test to monitor glucose fluctuation. We induced type 1 diabetes model (T1D) for ten Sprague-Dawley rats using streptozotocin and used five Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats as obese type 2 diabetes model (OT2D) and 10 Goto-Kakizaki rats as nonobese type 2 diabetes model (NOT2D). We performed the stress loading test in both the normal and diabetic states and compared patterns of glucose fluctuation among the three models. We classified the pattern of glucose fluctuation into A, B, and C types according to speed of change in glucose level.

Results

Increase in glucose, total amount of hyperglycemic exposure, time of stress-induced hyperglycemia, and speed of glucose increase were significantly increased in all models compared to the normal state. While the early increase in glucose after exposure to stress was higher in T1D and NOT2D, it was slower in OT2D. The rate of speed of the decrease in glucose level was highest in NOT2D and lowest in OT2D.

Conclusion

The diabetic state was more vulnerable to stress compared to the normal state in all models, and the pattern of glucose fluctuation differed among the three types of diabetes. The study provides basic evidence for stress-induced hyperglycemia patterns and characteristics used for the management of diabetes patients.

Citations

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Stress hyperglycemia as first sign of asymptomatic type 1 diabetes: an instructive case
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Hesperidin protects against stress induced gastric ulcer through regulation of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma in diabetic rats
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Review

Glucolipotoxicity in Pancreatic β-Cells: Ji-Won Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(5):444-450. Published online October 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.5.444

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The recent epidemic of type 2 diabetes in Asia differs from that reported in other regions of the world in several key areas: it has evolved over a much shorter time, in an earlier stage of life, and in people with lower body mass indices. These phenotypic characteristics of patients strongly suggest that insulin secretory defects may perform a more important function in the development and progression of diabetes. A genetic element clearly underlies β-cell dysfunction and insufficient β-cell mass; however, a number of modifiable factors are also linked to β-cell deterioration, most notably chronic hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Neither glucose nor FFAs alone cause clinically meaningful β-cell toxicity, especially in patients with normal or impaired glucose tolerance. Thus the term "glucolipotoxicity" is perhaps more appropriate in describing the phenomenon. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain glucolipotoxicity-induced β-cell dysfunction and death, but its major factors appear to be depression of key transcription factor gene expression by altered intracellular energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Therefore, stabilization of metabolic changes induced by glucolipotoxicity in β-cells represents a new avenue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Aurelia Raducanu, Heiko Lickert
Current Diabetes Reports.2012; 12(5): 481. CrossRef

Original Articles

Adenoviruses Expressing PDX-1, BETA2/NeuroD and MafA Induces the Transdifferentiation of Porcine Neonatal Pancreas Cell Clusters and Adult Pig Pancreatic Cells into Beta-Cells: Young-Hye You, Dong-Sik Ham, Heon-Seok Park, Marie Rhee, Ji-Won Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(2):119-129. Published online April 30, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.2.119

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

A limitation in the number of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells is a special feature of diabetes. The identification of alternative sources for the induction of insulin-producing surrogate beta-cells is a matter of profound importance. PDX-1/VP16, BETA2/NeuroD, and MafA overexpression have been shown to influence the differentiation and proliferation of pancreatic stem cells. However, few studies have been conducted using adult animal pancreatic stem cells.

Methods

Adult pig pancreatic cells were prepared from the non-endocrine fraction of adult pig pancreata. Porcine neonatal pancreas cell clusters (NPCCs) were prepared from neonatal pigs aged 1-2 days. The dispersed pancreatic cells were infected with PDX-1/VP16, BETA2/NeuroD, and MafA adenoviruses. After infection, these cells were transplanted under the kidney capsules of normoglycemic nude mice.

Results

The adenovirus-mediated overexpression of PDX-1, BETA2/NeuroD and MafA induced insulin gene expression in NPCCs, but not in adult pig pancreatic cells. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the number of insulin-positive cells in NPCCs and adult pig pancreatic cells was approximately 2.6- and 1.1-fold greater than those in the green fluorescent protein control group, respectively. At four weeks after transplantation, the relative volume of insulin-positive cells in the grafts increased in the NPCCs, but not in the adult porcine pancreatic cells.

Conclusion

These data indicate that PDX-1, BETA2/NeuroD, and MafA facilitate the beta-cell differentiation of NPCCs, but not adult pig pancreatic cells. Therefore PDX-1, BETA2/NeuroD, and MafA-induced NPCCs can be considered good sources for the induction of pancreatic beta-cells, and may also have some utility in the treatment of diabetes.

Citations

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The pig pangenome provides insights into the roles of coding structural variations in genetic diversity and adaptation
Zhengcao Li, Xiaohong Liu, Chen Wang, Zhenyang Li, Bo Jiang, Ruifeng Zhang, Lu Tong, Youping Qu, Sheng He, Haifan Chen, Yafei Mao, Qingnan Li, Torsten Pook, Yu Wu, Yanjun Zan, Hui Zhang, Lu Li, Keying Wen, Yaosheng Chen
Genome Research.2023; 33(10): 1833. CrossRef
Improvement of the therapeutic capacity of insulin-producing cells trans-differentiated from human liver cells using engineered cell sheet
Yu Na Lee, Hye-Jin Yi, Eun Hye Seo, Jooyun Oh, Song Lee, Sarah Ferber, Teruo Okano, In Kyong Shim, Song Cheol Kim
Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Generation of iPSC-derived insulin-producing cells from patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes compared with healthy control
Min Jung Kim, Eun Young Lee, Young-Hye You, Hae Kyung Yang, Kun-Ho Yoon, Ji-Won Kim
Stem Cell Research.2020; 48: 101958. CrossRef
Effect of FIGF overexpression on liver cells transforming to insulin-producing cells
Yaqin He, Xiaoliang Xie, Xiaoyan Li, Shikuo Rong, Yukui Li, Zhenhui Lu
Journal of Biosciences.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Generation of Insulin-Expressing Cells in Mouse Small Intestine by Pdx1, MafA, and BETA2/NeuroD
So-Hyun Lee, Marie Rhee, Ji-Won Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2017; 41(5): 405. CrossRef
Quantitative Raman spectral changes of the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into islet-like cells by biochemical component analysis and multiple peak fitting
Xin Su, Shaoyin Fang, Daosen Zhang, Qinnan Zhang, Yingtian He, Xiaoxu Lu, Shengde Liu, Liyun Zhong
Journal of Biomedical Optics.2015; 20(12): 125002. CrossRef
Generation of Functional Insulin-Producing Cells from Neonatal Porcine Liver-Derived Cells by PDX1/VP16, BETA2/NeuroD and MafA
Dong-Sik Ham, Juyoung Shin, Ji-Won Kim, Heon-Seok Park, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Kathrin Maedler
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(11): e79076. CrossRef
PPARγ Activation Attenuates Glycated-Serum Induced Pancreatic Beta-Cell Dysfunction through Enhancing Pdx1 and Mafa Protein Stability
Yunxia Zhu, Ai Ma, Hongxiu Zhang, Chaojun Li, Rebecca Berdeaux
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(2): e56386. CrossRef
β‐Cell differentiation and regeneration in type 1 diabetes
L. Ding, C. Gysemans, C. Mathieu
Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2013; 15(s3): 98. CrossRef

Repeated Gene Transfection Impairs the Engraftment of Transplanted Porcine Neonatal Pancreatic Cells: Min Koo Seo, Cheng-Lin Sun, Ji-Won Kim, Kun-Ho Yoon, Suk Kyeong Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(1):72-79. Published online February 28, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.1.72

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

Previously, we reported that neonatal porcine pancreatic cells transfected with hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene in an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid (pEBVHGF) showed improved proliferation and differentiation compared to those of the control. In this study, we examined if pancreatic cells transfected repeatedly with pEBVHGF can be successfully grafted to control blood glucose in a diabetes mouse model.

Methods

Neonatal porcine pancreatic cells were cultured as a monolayer and were transfected with pEBVHGF every other day for a total of three transfections. The transfected pancreatic cells were re-aggregated and transplanted into kidney capsules of diabetic nude mice or normal nude mice. Blood glucose level and body weight were measured every other day after transplantation. The engraftment of the transplanted cells and differentiation into beta cells were assessed using immunohistochemistry.

Results

Re-aggregation of the pancreatic cells before transplantation improved engraftment of the cells and facilitated neovascularization of the graft. Right before transplantation, pancreatic cells that were transfected with pEBVHGF and then re-aggregated showed ductal cell marker expression. However, ductal cells disappeared and the cells underwent fibrosis in a diabetes mouse model two to five weeks after transplantation; these mice also did not show controlled blood glucose levels. Furthermore, pancreatic cells transplanted into nude mice with normal blood glucose showed poor graft survival regardless of the type of transfected plasmid (pCEP4, pHGF, or pEBVHGF).

Conclusion

For clinical application of transfected neonatal porcine pancreatic cells, further studies are required to develop methods of overcoming the damage for the cells caused by repeated transfection and to re-aggregate them into islet-like structures.

Citations

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Successful xenotransplantation with re‐aggregated and encapsulated neonatal pig liver cells for treatment of mice with acute liver failure
Dong‐Sik Ham, Min‐Sang Song, Heon‐Seok Park, Marie Rhee, Hae Kyung Yang, Seung‐Hwan Lee, Ji‐Won Kim, Eun‐Sun Jung, Kun‐Ho Yoon
Xenotransplantation.2015; 22(4): 249. CrossRef
Glycated Albumin Causes Pancreatic β-Cells Dysfunction Through Autophagy Dysfunction
Young Mi Song, Sun Ok Song, Young-Hye You, Kun-Ho Yoon, Eun Seok Kang, Bong Soo Cha, Hyun Chul Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Byung-Wan Lee
Endocrinology.2013; 154(8): 2626. CrossRef
Prevalence, Awareness, and Control of Hypertension among Diabetic Koreans
Hyun Hee Chung, Kyu Chang Won
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2011; 35(4): 337. CrossRef

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