- Basic Research
- Role of SUMO-Specific Protease 2 in Leptin-Induced Fatty Acid Metabolism in White Adipocytes
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Praise Chanmee Kim, Ji Seon Lee, Sung Soo Chung, Kyong Soo Park
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Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):382-393. Published online March 6, 2023
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0156
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Abstract
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- Background
Leptin is a 16-kDa fat-derived hormone with a primary role in controlling adipose tissue levels. Leptin increases fatty acid oxidation (FAO) acutely through adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and on delay through the SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2)–peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ/γ (PPARδ/γ) pathway in skeletal muscle. Leptin also directly increases FAO and decreases lipogenesis in adipocytes; however, the mechanism behind these effects remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of SENP2 in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism by leptin in adipocytes and white adipose tissues.
Methods The effects of leptin mediated by SENP2 on fatty acid metabolism were tested by siRNA-mediated knockdown in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The role of SENP2 was confirmed in vivo using adipocyte-specific Senp2 knockout (Senp2-aKO) mice. We revealed the molecular mechanism involved in the leptin-induced transcriptional regulation of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1b (Cpt1b) and long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase 1 (Acsl1) using transfection/reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation.
Results SENP2 mediated the increased expression of FAO-associated enzymes, CPT1b and ACSL1, which peaked 24 hours after leptin treatment in adipocytes. In contrast, leptin stimulated FAO through AMPK during the initial several hours after treatment. In white adipose tissues, FAO and mRNA levels of Cpt1b and Acsl1 were increased by 2-fold 24 hours after leptin injection in control mice but not in Senp2-aKO mice. Leptin increased PPARα binding to the Cpt1b and Acsl1 promoters in adipocytes through SENP2.
Conclusion These results suggest that the SENP2-PPARα pathway plays an important role in leptin-induced FAO in white adipocytes.
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- Intermittent cold stimulation affects energy metabolism and improves stress resistance in broiler heart
Tingting Li, Haidong Wei, Shijie Zhang, Xiaotao Liu, Lu Xing, Yuanyuan Liu, Rixin Gong, Jianhong Li Poultry Science.2024; 103(1): 103190. CrossRef
- Pathophysiology
- Metformin Ameliorates Lipotoxic β-Cell Dysfunction through a Concentration-Dependent Dual Mechanism of Action
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Hong Il Kim, Ji Seon Lee, Byung Kook Kwak, Won Min Hwang, Min Joo Kim, Young-Bum Kim, Sung Soo Chung, Kyong Soo Park
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Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):854-866. Published online June 27, 2019
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0179
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Abstract
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- Background
Chronic exposure to elevated levels of free fatty acids contributes to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Although it is well known that metformin induces cellular energy depletion and a concomitant activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) through inhibition of the respiratory chain, previous studies have shown inconsistent results with regard to the action of metformin on pancreatic β-cells. We therefore examined the effects of metformin on pancreatic β-cells under lipotoxic stress. MethodsNIT-1 cells and mouse islets were exposed to palmitate and treated with 0.05 and 0.5 mM metformin. Cell viability, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, cellular adenosine triphosphate, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and Rho kinase (ROCK) activities were measured. The phosphorylation of AMPK was evaluated by Western blot analysis and mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers and NADPH oxidase (NOX) were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. ResultsWe found that metformin has protective effects on palmitate-induced β-cell dysfunction. Metformin at a concentration of 0.05 mM inhibits NOX and suppresses the palmitate-induced elevation of ER stress markers and ROS levels in a AMPK-independent manner, whereas 0.5 mM metformin inhibits ROCK activity and activates AMPK. ConclusionThis study suggests that the action of metformin on β-cell lipotoxicity was implemented by different molecular pathways depending on its concentration. Metformin at a usual therapeutic dose is supposed to alleviate lipotoxic β-cell dysfunction through inhibition of oxidative stress and ER stress.
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Quan Wen, Azazul Islam Chowdhury, Banu Aydin, Mudhir Shekha, Rasmus Stenlid, Anders Forslund, Peter Bergsten Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(12): 3757. CrossRef - Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with stem cells and antidiabetic drugs: a dualistic and future-focused approach
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- Others
- Rg3 Improves Mitochondrial Function and the Expression of Key Genes Involved in Mitochondrial Biogenesis in C2C12 Myotubes
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Min Joo Kim, Young Do Koo, Min Kim, Soo Lim, Young Joo Park, Sung Soo Chung, Hak C. Jang, Kyong Soo Park
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Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(5):406-413. Published online August 12, 2016
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.5.406
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- Background
Panax ginseng has glucose-lowering effects, some of which are associated with the improvement in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Because mitochondria play a pivotal role in the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle, we investigated the effects of the ginsenoside Rg3, one of the active components of P. ginseng, on mitochondrial function and biogenesis in C2C12 myotubes. MethodsC2C12 myotubes were treated with Rg3 for 24 hours. Insulin signaling pathway proteins were examined by Western blot. Cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and the oxygen consumption rate were measured. The protein or mRNA levels of mitochondrial complexes were evaluated by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. ResultsRg3 treatment to C2C12 cells activated the insulin signaling pathway proteins, insulin receptor substrate-1 and Akt. Rg3 increased ATP production and the oxygen consumption rate, suggesting improved mitochondrial function. Rg3 increased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor, which are transcription factors related to mitochondrial biogenesis. Subsequent increased expression of mitochondrial complex IV and V was also observed. ConclusionOur results suggest that Rg3 improves mitochondrial function and the expression of key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, leading to an improvement in insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Rg3 may have the potential to be developed as an anti-hyperglycemic agent.
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Young Jin Lee, Su Hyun Yu, Gwang Yeong Seok, Su Yeon Kim, Mi Jeong Kim, Inhye Jeong, Wan Heo, Bo Su Lee, Seon Gil Do, Bok Kyung Han, Young Jun Kim Food Supplements and Biomaterials for Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Ginsenosides for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: Therapeutic perspectives and mechanistic insights
Tae Hyun Kim Journal of Ginseng Research.2024; 48(3): 276. CrossRef - Preparation and bioactivity of the rare ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2: An updated review
Wenqi Xu, Wei Lyu, Cuicui Duan, Fumin Ma, Xiaolei Li, Dan Li Fitoterapia.2023; 167: 105514. CrossRef - Ginsenoside Rc, an Active Component of Panax ginseng, Alleviates Oxidative Stress-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Improvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Aeyung Kim, Sang-Min Park, No Soo Kim, Haeseung Lee Antioxidants.2023; 12(8): 1576. CrossRef - Ginsenoside Rg3 protects glucocorticoid‑induced muscle atrophy in vitro through improving mitochondrial biogenesis and myotube growth
Ryuni Kim, Jee Kim, Sang-Jin Lee, Gyu-Un Bae Molecular Medicine Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Beneficial Effects of Walnut Oligopeptides on Muscle Loss in Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Prone-8 (SAMP8) Mice: Focusing on Mitochondrial Function
Rui Fan, Yuntao Hao, Qian Du, Jiawei Kang, Meihong Xu, Yong Li Nutrients.2022; 14(10): 2051. CrossRef - Ginseng and ginsenosides: Therapeutic potential for sarcopenia
Weiwei Zha, Yuanhai Sun, Wenwen Gong, Linghuan Li, Wonnam Kim, Hanbing Li Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2022; 156: 113876. CrossRef - Bioactive Oligopeptides from Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Suppress Oxidative Stress-Induced Senescence in Fibroblasts via NAD+/SIRT1/PGC-1α Signaling Pathway
Na Zhu, Mei-Hong Xu, Yong Li Nutrients.2022; 14(24): 5289. CrossRef - Review of ginsenosides targeting mitochondrial function to treat multiple disorders: Current status and perspectives
Qingxia Huang, Song Gao, Daqing Zhao, Xiangyan Li Journal of Ginseng Research.2021; 45(3): 371. CrossRef - The Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Biological Aging and Antioxidant Capacity in Postmenopausal Women: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Study
Tae-Ha Chung, Ji-Hye Kim, So-Young Seol, Yon-Ji Kim, Yong-Jae Lee Nutrients.2021; 13(9): 3090. CrossRef - A comprehensive review on the phytochemistry, pharmacokinetics, and antidiabetic effect of Ginseng
Yage Liu, Hao Zhang, Xuan Dai, Ruyuan Zhu, Beibei Chen, Bingke Xia, Zimengwei Ye, Dandan Zhao, Sihua Gao, Alexander N. Orekhov, Dongwei Zhang, Lili Wang, Shuzhen Guo Phytomedicine.2021; 92: 153717. CrossRef - Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
Federica Zatterale, Michele Longo, Jamal Naderi, Gregory Alexander Raciti, Antonella Desiderio, Claudia Miele, Francesco Beguinot Frontiers in Physiology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Stereoisomer-specific ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 reverses replicative senescence of human diploid fibroblasts via Akt-mTOR-Sirtuin signaling
Kyeong-Eun Yang, Hyun-Jin Jang, In-Hu Hwang, Eun Mi Hong, Min-Goo Lee, Soon Lee, Ik-Soon Jang, Jong-Soon Choi Journal of Ginseng Research.2020; 44(2): 341. CrossRef - Ginsenosides for the treatment of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: Pharmacology and mechanisms
Wenxiang Fan, Yongliang Huang, Hui Zheng, Shuiqin Li, Zhuohong Li, Li Yuan, Xi Cheng, Chengshi He, Jianfeng Sun Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2020; 132: 110915. CrossRef - Ca2+-activated mitochondrial biogenesis and functions improve stem cell fate in Rg3-treated human mesenchymal stem cells
Taeui Hong, Moon Young Kim, Dat Da Ly, Su Jung Park, Young Woo Eom, Kyu-Sang Park, Soon Koo Baik Stem Cell Research & Therapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Adipocytes as a Primary Cause of Adipose Tissue Inflammation
Chang-Yun Woo, Jung Eun Jang, Seung Eun Lee, Eun Hee Koh, Ki-Up Lee Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(3): 247. CrossRef - Ginsenoside Rg3 upregulates myotube formation and mitochondrial function, thereby protecting myotube atrophy induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha
Sang-Jin Lee, Ju Hyun Bae, Hani Lee, Hyunji Lee, Jongsun Park, Jong-Sun Kang, Gyu-Un Bae Journal of Ethnopharmacology.2019; 242: 112054. CrossRef - Therapeutic Potential of Ginsenosides as an Adjuvant Treatment for Diabetes
Litao Bai, Jialiang Gao, Fan Wei, Jing Zhao, Danwei Wang, Junping Wei Frontiers in Pharmacology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef - Ginseng and obesity
Zhipeng Li, Geun Eog Ji Journal of Ginseng Research.2018; 42(1): 1. CrossRef - Molecular signaling of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions
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- Effects of Sulfonylureas on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Activity and on Glucose Uptake by Thiazolidinediones
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Kyeong Won Lee, Yun Hyi Ku, Min Kim, Byung Yong Ahn, Sung Soo Chung, Kyong Soo Park
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Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):340-347. Published online August 31, 2011
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.340
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- Background
Sulfonylurea primarily stimulates insulin secretion by binding to its receptor on the pancreatic β-cells. Recent studies have suggested that sulfonylureas induce insulin sensitivity through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), one of the nuclear receptors. In this study, we investigated the effects of sulfonylurea on PPARγ transcriptional activity and on the glucose uptake via PPARγ. MethodsTranscription reporter assays using Cos7 cells were performed to determine if specific sulfonylureas stimulate PPARγ transactivation. Glimepiride, gliquidone, and glipizide (1 to 500 µM) were used as treatment, and rosiglitazone at 1 and 10 µM was used as a control. The effects of sulfonylurea and rosiglitazone treatments on the transcriptional activity of endogenous PPARγ were observed. In addition, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with rosiglitazone (10 µM), glimepiride (100 µM) or both to verify the effect of glimepiride on rosiglitazone-induced glucose uptake. ResultsSulfonylureas, including glimepiride, gliquidone and glipizide, increased PPARγ transcriptional activity, gliquidone being
the most potent PPARγ agonist. However, no additive effects were observed in the presence of rosiglitazone. When rosiglitazone
was co-treated with glimepiride, PPARγ transcriptional activity and glucose uptake were reduced compared to those after treatment with rosiglitazone alone. This competitive effect of glimepiride was observed only at high concentrations that are not achieved with clinical doses. ConclusionSulfonylureas like glimepiride, gliquidone and glipizide increased the transcriptional activity of PPARγ. Also, glimepiride was able to reduce the effect of rosiglitazone on PPARγ agonistic activity and glucose uptake. However, the competitive
effect does not seem to occur at clinically feasible concentrations.
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