- Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
- Dose-Dependent Effect of Smoking on Risk of Diabetes Remains after Smoking Cessation: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
-
Se Eun Park, Mi Hae Seo, Jung-Hwan Cho, Hyemi Kwon, Yang-Hyun Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong-Gyu Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
-
Diabetes Metab J. 2021;45(4):539-546. Published online March 4, 2021
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2020.0061
-
-
9,025
View
-
219
Download
-
11
Web of Science
-
13
Crossref
-
Graphical Abstract
Abstract
PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader ePub
- Background
This study aimed to evaluate the dose-dependent effects of smoking on risk of diabetes among those quitting smoking.
Methods We analyzed clinical data from a total of 5,198,792 individuals age 20 years or older who received health care check-up arranged by the national insurance program of Korea between 2009 and 2016 using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Cumulative smoking was estimated by pack-years. Smokers were classified into four categories according to the amount of smoking: light smokers (0.025 to 5 smoking pack-years), medium smokers (5 to 14 smoking pack-years), heavy smokers (14 to 26 smoking pack-years), and extreme smokers (more than 26 smoking pack-years).
Results During the study period, 164,335 individuals (3.2% of the total population) developed diabetes. Compared to sustained smokers, the risk of diabetes was significantly reduced in both quitters (hazard ratio [HR], 0.858; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.838 to 0.878) and nonsmokers (HR, 0.616; 95% CI, 0.606 to 0.625) after adjustment for multiple risk factors. The risk of diabetes gradually increased with amount of smoking in both quitters and current smokers. The risk of diabetes in heavy (HR, 1.119; 95% CI, 1.057 to 1.185) and extreme smokers (HR, 1.348; 95% CI, 1.275 to 1.425) among quitters was much higher compared to light smokers among current smokers.
Conclusion Smoking cessation was effective in reducing the risk of diabetes regardless of weight change. However, there was a potential dose-dependent association between smoking amount and the development of diabetes. Diabetes risk still remained in heavy and extreme smokers even after smoking cessation.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Dietary and other lifestyle factors and their influence on non-communicable diseases in the Western Pacific region
Xiaomin Sun, Dong Keon Yon, Tuan Thanh Nguyen, Kumpei Tanisawa, Kumhee Son, Ling Zhang, Jing Shu, Wen Peng, Yuexin Yang, Francesco Branca, Mark L. Wahlqvist, Hyunjung Lim, Youfa Wang The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific.2024; 43: 100842. CrossRef - The Concentrations of Interleukin-6, Insulin, and Glucagon in the Context of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL6 and INS Genes
Magdalena Król-Kulikowska, Iwona Urbanowicz, Marta Kepinska, Mayank Choubey Journal of Obesity.2024; 2024: 1. CrossRef - Prevalence, cessation, and geographical variation of smoking
among middle-aged and elderly adults in China:
A population-based study
Qingjia Zeng, Chongyang Zhang, Feiyu Su, Yanli Wan, Wen-jun Tu, Hongpu Hu Tobacco Induced Diseases.2024; 22(July): 1. CrossRef - Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with increased arterial stiffness in men and women: evidence from a large population-based cohort
Omar Hahad, Volker H. Schmitt, Natalie Arnold, Karsten Keller, Jürgen H. Prochaska, Philipp S. Wild, Andreas Schulz, Karl J. Lackner, Norbert Pfeiffer, Irene Schmidtmann, Matthias Michal, Jörn M. Schattenberg, Oliver Tüscher, Andreas Daiber, Thomas Münzel Clinical Research in Cardiology.2023; 112(2): 270. CrossRef - Association between Meal Frequency and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Rural Adults: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study
Bota Baheti, Xiaotian Liu, Mu Wang, Caiyun Zhang, Xiaokang Dong, Ning Kang, Linlin Li, Xing Li, Songcheng Yu, Jian Hou, Zhenxing Mao, Chongjian Wang Nutrients.2023; 15(6): 1348. CrossRef - Impaired Lung Function and Lung Cancer Incidence: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Hye Seon Kang, Yong-Moon Park, Seung-Hyun Ko, Seung Hoon Kim, Shin Young Kim, Chi Hong Kim, Kyungdo Han, Sung Kyoung Kim Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(4): 1077. CrossRef - Smoking cessation and risk of type 2 diabetes
Jana Malinovská, Jana Urbanová, Veronika Vejtasová, Alexandra Romanová, Sabina Pálová, Syed Taha Naeem, Jan Brož Vnitřní lékařství.2022; 68(1): E04. CrossRef - Association between lung function and the risk of atrial fibrillation in a nationwide population cohort study
Su Nam Lee, Seung-Hyun Ko, Sung-Ho Her, Kyungdo Han, Donggyu Moon, Sung Kyoung Kim, Ki-Dong Yoo, Yu-Bae Ahn Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Sex differences in factors associated with prediabetes in Korean adults
Jin Suk Ra Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives.2022; 13(2): 142. CrossRef - Smoking and diabetes interplay: A comprehensive review and joint statement
Vincent Durlach, Bruno Vergès, Abdallah Al-Salameh, Thibault Bahougne, Farid Benzerouk, Ivan Berlin, Carole Clair, Jacques Mansourati, Alexia Rouland, Daniel Thomas, Philippe Thuillier, Blandine Tramunt, Anne-Laurence Le Faou Diabetes & Metabolism.2022; 48(6): 101370. CrossRef - Impact of healthy lifestyle on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in southwest China: A prospective cohort study
Yanli Wu, Xi He, Jie Zhou, Yiying Wang, Lisha Yu, Xuejiao Li, Tao Liu, Jianhua Luo Journal of Diabetes Investigation.2022; 13(12): 2091. CrossRef - Current status of health promotion in Korea
Soo Young Kim Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(12): 776. CrossRef - Smoking Cessation after Diagnosis of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation and the Risk of Stroke and Death
So-Ryoung Lee, Eue-Keun Choi, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Seil Oh, Gregory Y. H. Lip Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(11): 2238. CrossRef
- Epidemiology
- Relation between Baseline Height and New Diabetes Development: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
-
Eun-Jung Rhee, Jung-Hwan Cho, Hyemi Kwon, Se-Eun Park, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Yang-Hyun Kim, Won-Young Lee
-
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(6):794-803. Published online March 22, 2019
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0184
-
-
5,961
View
-
65
Download
-
9
Web of Science
-
11
Crossref
-
Abstract
PDFPubReader
- Background
Short stature and leg length are associated with risk of diabetes and obesity. However, it remains unclear whether this association is observed in Asians. We evaluated the association between short stature and increased risk for diabetes using the Korean National Health Screening (KNHS) dataset. MethodsWe assessed diabetes development in 2015 in 21,122,422 non-diabetic Koreans (mean age 43 years) enrolled in KNHS from 2009 to 2012 using International Classification of Diseases 10th (ICD-10) code and anti-diabetic medication prescription. Risk was measured in age- and sex-dependent quintile groups of baseline height (20 to 39, 40 to 59, ≥60 years). ResultsDuring median 5.6-year follow-up, 532,918 cases (2.5%) of diabetes occurred. The hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes development gradually increased from the 5th (reference) to 1st quintile group of baseline height after adjustment for confounding factors (1.000, 1.076 [1.067 to 1.085], 1.097 [1.088 to 1.107], 1.141 [1.132 to 1.151], 1.234 [1.224 to 1.244]), with similar results in analysis by sex. The HR per 5 cm height increase was lower than 1.00 only in those with fasting blood glucose (FBG) below 100 mg/dL (0.979 [0.975 to 0.983]), and in lean individuals (body mass index [BMI] 18.5 to 23 kg/m2: 0.993 [0.988 to 0.998]; BMI <18.5 kg/m2: 0.918 [0.9 to 0.935]). ConclusionHeight was inversely associated with diabetes risk in this nationwide study of Korean adults. This association did not differ by sex, and was significant in lean individuals and those with normal FBG levels.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Association between underweight and risk of heart failure in diabetes patients
Tae Kyung Yoo, Kyung‐Do Han, Eun‐Jung Rhee, Won‐Young Lee Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2024; 15(2): 671. CrossRef - Association between metabolic syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development in young individuals: a nationwide cohort study
Ock-Hwa Kim, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, In Young Cho, Dong Wook Shin, Sei Won Lee Respiratory Research.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Upper arm length and knee height are associated with diabetes in the middle-aged and elderly: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Bingjie He, Zhengyang Li, Lu Xu, Lili Liu, Shengfeng Wang, Siyan Zhan, Yongfeng Song Public Health Nutrition.2023; 26(1): 190. CrossRef - Anthropometric indexes and cardiovascular risk in Ecuadorian university students: A comparison with international references
Silvia Cáceres-Vinueza, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Rosario Suárez, Jorge Daher-Nader, Enrique Flor-Muñoz, Mirna Márquez-Vinueza, Luisa Valeria Guevara-Flores, Yan Duarte-Vera Bionatura.2023; 8(3): 1. CrossRef - Assessment of common risk factors of diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a Mendelian randomization study
Shuwu Zhao, Yiming Li, Chen Su Frontiers in Endocrinology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Inverse association between adult height and diabetes risk in a cohort study of Chinese population
Xiaoli Li, Tiantian Cheng, Lina Leng, Guangyao Song, Huijuan Ma Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Gender Differences Between the Phenotype of Short Stature and the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus in Chinese Adults: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Wei Song, Yaqin Hu, Jiao Yuan, Ying Wei, Zongyou Cheng, Jingdong Liu, Jixiong Xu, Xiaoyu Wang Frontiers in Endocrinology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - No association between body height and metabolic risk factors in historically short height Asian Indian tribes
Binu Dorjee, Jaydip Sen, Mithun Das, Kaushik Bose, Christiane Scheffler, Gautam Kumar Kshatriya Human Biology and Public Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef - Newly diagnosed diabetes has high risk for cardiovascular outcome in ischemic stroke patients
Kyung-Hee Cho, Sun U. Kwon, Ji Sung Lee, Sungwook Yu, A-Hyun Cho Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Risk of Diabetes in Subjects with Positive Fecal Immunochemical Test: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Kwang Woo Kim, Hyun Jung Lee, Kyungdo Han, Jung Min Moon, Seung Wook Hong, Eun Ae Kang, Jooyoung Lee, Hosim Soh, Seong-Joon Koh, Jong Pil Im, Joo Sung Kim Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(5): 1069. CrossRef - The use of Broca index to assess cut- off points for overweight in adults: A short review
Irakoze Laurent, Manirakiza Astère, Banderembako Paul, Nkengurutse Liliane, Yue Li, Qingfeng Cheng, Qifu Li, Xiaoqiu Xiao Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2020; 21(4): 521. CrossRef
- Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
-
- The Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke According to Waist Circumference in 21,749,261 Korean Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
-
Jung-Hwan Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Se-Eun Park, Hyemi Kwon, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Hye Soon Park, Yang-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jib Yoo, Won-Young Lee
-
Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(2):206-221. Published online December 27, 2018
-
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0039
-
-
6,812
View
-
116
Download
-
28
Web of Science
-
30
Crossref
-
Abstract
PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader
- Background
Waist circumference (WC) is a well-known obesity index that predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD). We studied the relationship between baseline WC and development of incident myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS) using a nationwide population-based cohort, and evaluated if its predictability is better than body mass index (BMI). MethodsOur study included 21,749,261 Koreans over 20 years of age who underwent the Korean National Health Screening between 2009 and 2012. The occurrence of MI or IS was investigated until the end of 2015 using National Health Insurance Service data. ResultsA total of 127,289 and 181,637 subjects were newly diagnosed with MI and IS. The incidence rate and hazard ratio of MI and IS increased linearly as the WC level increased, regardless of adjustment for BMI. When the analyses were performed according to 11 groups of WC, the lowest risk of MI was found in subjects with WC of 70 to 74.9 and 65 to 69.9 cm in male and female, and the lowest risk of IS in subjects with WC of 65 to 69.9 and 60 to 64.9 cm in male and female, respectively. WC showed a better ability to predict CVD than BMI with smaller Akaike information criterion. The optimal WC cutoffs were 84/78 cm for male/female for predicting MI, and 85/78 cm for male/female for predicting IS. ConclusionWC had a significant linear relationship with the risk of MI and IS and the risk began to increase from a WC that was lower than expected.
-
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
- Usefulness of New Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome Optimized for Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases in Japanese
Yurie Yamazaki, Kazuya Fujihara, Takaaki Sato, Mayuko Harada Yamada, Yuta Yaguchi, Yasuhiro Matsubayashi, Takaho Yamada, Satoru Kodama, Kiminori Kato, Hitoshi Shimano, Hirohito Sone Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis.2024; 31(4): 382. CrossRef - Association between body composition and subsequent cardiovascular diseases among 5-year breast cancer survivors
Ji Soo Kim, Jihun Song, Seulggie Choi, Sung Min Kim, Young Jun Park, Sun Jae Park, Yoosun Cho, Yun Hwan Oh, Seogsong Jeong, Kyae Hyung Kim, Sang Min Park Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between physical activity changes and incident myocardial infarction after ischemic stroke: a nationwide population-based study
Dae Young Cheon, Kyung do Han, Yeon Jung Lee, Jeen Hwa Lee, Myung Soo Park, Do Young Kim, Jae Hyuk Choi, Sook Jin Lee, Kyung-Ho Yu, Seongwoo Han, Sunki Lee, Minwoo Lee BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Positive correlation between n−6 : n−3 PUFA ratio intake with serum oxHDL/HDL-c ratio in patients with coronary artery disease
Sissi Godinez-Mora, Wendy Campos-Perez, Mariana Perez-Robles, Cesar Robles-Jimarez, Alejandra Muñoz-Hernandez, Joel Torres-Vanegas, Erika Martinez-Lopez Coronary Artery Disease.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Conventional and genetic associations of BMI with major vascular and non-vascular disease incidence and mortality in a relatively lean Chinese population: U-shaped relationship revisited
Andri Iona, Fiona Bragg, Zammy Fairhurst-Hunter, Iona Y Millwood, Neil Wright, Kuang Lin, Ling Yang, Huaidong Du, Yiping Chen, Pei Pei, Liang Cheng, Dan Schmidt, Daniel Avery, Canqing Yu, Jun Lv, Robert Clarke, Robin Walters, Liming Li, Sarah Parish, Zhen International Journal of Epidemiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Association Between Overweight/Obesity Metabolic Phenotypes Defined by Two Criteria of Metabolic Abnormality and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis in a Chinese Population
Yue Qiu, Shujin Fan, Jing Liu, Xiaodan He, Tianxin Zhu, Li Yan, Meng Ren Clinical Cardiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Sex-differential effect of waist circumference on new-onset cerebral infarction: a nationwide cohort study
Sang Min Lee, Minha Hong, Jae-Hong Ryoo Frontiers in Neurology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Metabolic Syndrome in Non-diabetic Stroke Patients
Ahmed Wahab, Jamil Muqtadir, Abdul R Ansari , Muhammad Tahseen, Kashif Ayoob, Syed Haris M Zaidi, Arhama S Muhammad, Aisha Khan, Sehar Ahmed Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between weight-adjusted waist circumference index and myocardial infarction: results from the national health and nutrition examination survey, 1999–2014
Jian-hong Yu, Ming-gang Yin Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef - Body mass index, waist circumference and cardiovascular diseases in transitional ages (40 and 66 years)
Jung Eun Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Jin‐Hyung Jung, Yang‐Im Hur, Yang Hyun Kim, Eun Sook Kim, Jang Won Son, Eun‐Jung Rhee, Won‐Young Lee, Ga Eun Nam Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2023; 14(1): 369. CrossRef - Risk factors for stroke among anthropometric indices and lipid profiles in the Korean population: a large-scale cross-sectional study
Mi Hong Yim, Young Ju Jeon, Bum Ju Lee Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10. CrossRef - Research on obesity using the National Health Information Database: recent trends
Eun-Jung Rhee Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 35. CrossRef - Association between the weight-adjusted waist index and stroke: a cross-sectional study
Jiayi Ye, Yanjie Hu, Xinrong Chen, Zhe Yin, Xingzhu Yuan, Liping Huang, Ka Li BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Increased risk of ischemic stroke associated with elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase level in adult cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study
Kyuwoong Kim, Hyeyun Jung, Edvige Di Giovanna, Tae Joon Jun, Young-Hak Kim Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Changes in body composition and subsequent cardiovascular disease risk among 5-year breast cancer survivors
Ji Soo Kim, Jihun Song, Seulggie Choi, Sang Min Park Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef - Association between Stroke and Abdominal Obesity in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Korean Population: KNHANES Data from 2011–2019
Jong Yeon Kim, Sung Min Cho, Youngmin Yoo, Taesic Lee, Jong Koo Kim International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(10): 6140. CrossRef - Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related factors in a large sample of antipsychotic naïve patients with first-episode psychosis: Baseline results from the PAFIP cohort
Nathalia Garrido-Torres, Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla, Luis Alameda, Manuel Canal-Rivero, María Juncal Ruiz, Marcos Gómez-Revuelta, Rosa Ayesa-Arriola, Ana Rubio-García, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Javier Vázquez-Bourgon Schizophrenia Research.2022; 246: 277. CrossRef - Development and validation of risk prediction models for stroke and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes in northern China
X. Shao, H. Liu, F. Hou, Y. Bai, Z. Cui, Y. Lin, X. Jiang, P. Bai, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Lu, H. Liu, S. Zhou, P. Yu Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2022; 46(2): 271. CrossRef - Neck circumference for predicting the occurrence of future cardiovascular events: A 7.6-year longitudinal study
Tingting Hu, Yun Shen, Weijie Cao, Yiting Xu, Yufei Wang, Xiaojing Ma, Yuqian Bao Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2022; 32(12): 2830. CrossRef - A prospective study of waist circumference trajectories and incident cardiovascular disease in China: the Kailuan Cohort Study
Liang Wang, Yujin Lee, Yuntao Wu, Xinyuan Zhang, Cheng Jin, Zhe Huang, Yixin Wang, Zhiyi Wang, Penny Kris-Etherton, Shouling Wu, Xiang Gao The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2021; 113(2): 338. CrossRef - The Repeatedly Elevated Fatty Liver Index Is Associated With Increased Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Chang-Hoon Lee, Kyung-Do Han, Da Hye Kim, Min-Sun Kwak Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef - Obesity Degree and Glycemic Status: Factors That Should Be Considered in Heart Failure
Hye Soon Kim Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(4): 529. CrossRef - Exposure-weighted scoring for metabolic syndrome and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: a nationwide population-based study
Eun Young Lee, Kyungdo Han, Da Hye Kim, Yong-Moon Park, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee Cardiovascular Diabetology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef - Predicting the Development of Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Risk Model Generated from a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hun-Sung Kim, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(3): 636. CrossRef - Obesity Fact Sheet in Korea, 2018: Data Focusing on Waist Circumference and Obesity-Related Comorbidities
Ga Eun Nam, Yang-Hyun Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong Gyu Park, Kwan-Woo Lee, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jang Won Son, Seong-Su Lee, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Won-Young Lee, Soon Jib Yoo Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(4): 236. CrossRef - Simply the Best: Anthropometric Indices for Predicting Cardiovascular Disease
Jie-Eun Lee Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(2): 156. CrossRef - Association and Interaction Analysis of Lipid Accumulation Product with Impaired Fasting Glucose Risk: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Jian Song, Xue Chen, Yuhong Jiang, Jing Mi, Yuyuan Zhang, Yingying Zhao, Xuesen Wu, Huaiquan Gao Journal of Diabetes Research.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef - Letter: Association of Z-Score of the Log-Transformed A Body Shape Index with Cardiovascular Disease in People Who Are Obese but Metabolically Healthy: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010 (J Obes Metab Syndr 2018;27:158-65
Eun-Jung Rhee Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(2): 139. CrossRef - Response: The Differential Association between Muscle Strength and Diabetes Mellitus According to the Presence or Absence of Obesity (J Obes Metab Syndr 2019;28:46-52)
Bo Kyung Koo Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(4): 297. CrossRef
|