Adipose tissue, which was once viewed as a simple organ for storage of triglycerides, is now considered an important endocrine organ. Abnormal adipose tissue mass is associated with defects in endocrine and metabolic functions which are the underlying causes of the metabolic syndrome. Many adipokines, hormones secreted by adipose tissue, regulate cells from the immune system. Interestingly, most of these adipokines are proinflammatory mediators, which increase dramatically in the obese state and are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Drugs that target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects in animal models of diabetes. These findings, and the link between inflammation and the metabolic syndrome, will be reviewed here.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Lysine 222 in PPAR γ1 functions as the key site of MuRF2-mediated ubiquitination modification
  Yucheng Fan, Fangjing Xu, Rui Wang, Jun He
  Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Heart failure and diabetes: Clinical significance and epidemiology of this two‐way association
  Terri Jerkins, Janet B. McGill, David S. H. Bell
  Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2023; 25(S3): 3.     CrossRef
• The pleiotropic peroxisome proliferator activated receptors: Regulation and therapeutics
  Gargi Dixit, Arati Prabhu
  Experimental and Molecular Pathology.2022; 124: 104723.     CrossRef
• The Effect of PPARγ rs1801282 Variant on Mortality Risk Among Asians With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis
  Wei-Teing Chen, Chih-Chien Chiu, Dung-Jang Tsai, Pi-Shao Ko, Meng-Chang Lee, Hsiao-Ting Lin, Ying-Kai Chen, Wen Su, Yuh-Feng Lin, Sui-Lung Su
  Frontiers in Genetics.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Metabolic Spectrum of Liver Failure in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: From NAFLD to NASH to HCC
  Hyunmi Kim, Da Som Lee, Tae Hyeon An, Hyun-Ju Park, Won Kon Kim, Kwang-Hee Bae, Kyoung-Jin Oh
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(9): 4495.     CrossRef
• Associations between obesity-related gene expression in maternal and cord blood and newborn adiposity: findings from the Araraquara Cohort study
  P. Nakandakare, C. F. Nicoletti, N. Y. Noronha, C. B. Nonino, P. P. Argentato, N. N. Dejani, L. A. Luzia, M. M. Rogero, P. H. C. Rondó
  International Journal of Obesity.2021; 45(9): 1958.     CrossRef
• PPARG Pro12Ala Polymorphism with CKD in Asians: A Meta-Analysis Combined with a Case-Control Study—A Key for Reaching Null Association
  Hsiang-Cheng Chen, Wei-Teing Chen, Tzu-Ling Sung, Dung-Jang Tsai, Chin Lin, Hao Su, Yuh-Feng Lin, Hung-Yi Chiu, Sui-Lung Su
  Genes.2020; 11(6): 705.     CrossRef
• Induction of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) mediated gene expression and inhibition of induced nitric oxide production by Maerua subcordata (Gilg) DeWolf
  Mebrahtom Gebrelibanos Hiben, Laura de Haan, Bert Spenkelink, Sebastiaan Wesseling, Jacques Vervoort, Ivonne M. C. M. Rietjens
  BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• UPR modulation of host immunity by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis
  Brahmchetna Bedi, Kuo-Chuan. Lin, Nicholas M. Maurice, Zhihong Yuan, Kaiser Bijli, Michael Koval, C. Michael Hart, Joanna B. Goldberg, Arlene Stecenko, Ruxana T. Sadikot
  Clinical Science.2020; 134(14): 1911.     CrossRef
• Sepsis Immunometabolism: From Defining Sepsis to Understanding How Energy Production Affects Immune Response
  Ioannis Koutroulis, Rachael Batabyal, Brittany McNamara, Matthew Ledda, Claire Hoptay, Robert J. Freishtat
  Critical Care Explorations.2019; 1(11): e0061.     CrossRef
• Combining SGLT2 Inhibition With a Thiazolidinedione Additively Attenuate the Very Early Phase of Diabetic Nephropathy Progression in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
  Eugene Han, Eugene Shin, Gyuri Kim, Ji-Yeon Lee, Yong-ho Lee, Byung-Wan Lee, Eun Seok Kang, Bong-Soo Cha
  Frontiers in Endocrinology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Role of oral hypoglycemic drugs on inflammatory condition associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  Shamim Shaikh Mohiuddin
  Journal of Diabetes, Metabolic Disorders & Control.2018; 5(2): 78.     CrossRef
• Effects of lobeglitazone on insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice
  Bong-Hoi Choi, Zhen Jin, Chin-ok Yi, Juhong Oh, Eun Ae Jeong, Jong Youl Lee, Kyung-ah Park, Kyung Eun Kim, Jung Eun Lee, Hyun-Jin Kim, Jong Ryeal Hahm, Gu Seob Roh, Jonathan M Peterson
  PLOS ONE.2018; 13(7): e0200336.     CrossRef
• Cucurbita ficifolia (Cucurbitaceae) modulates inflammatory cytokines and IFN-γ in obese mice
  Á. Fortis-Barrera, R. García-Macedo, J.C. Almanza-Perez, G. Blancas-Flores, A. Zamilpa-Alvarez, J.L. Flores-Sáenz, M. Cruz, R. Román-Ramos, F.J. Alarcón-Aguilar
  Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology.2017; 95(2): 170.     CrossRef
• Lobeglitazone, a Novel Thiazolidinedione, Improves Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: Its Efficacy and Predictive Factors Related to Responsiveness
  Yong-ho Lee, Jae Hyeon Kim, So Ra Kim, Heung Yong Jin, Eun-Jung Rhee, Young Min Cho, Byung-Wan Lee
  Journal of Korean Medical Science.2017; 32(1): 60.     CrossRef
• Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ agonists attenuate biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  Brahmchetna Bedi, Nicholas M. Maurice, Vincent T. Ciavatta, K. Sabrina Lynn, Zhihong Yuan, Samuel A. Molina, Myungsoo Joo, William R. Tyor, Joanna B. Goldberg, Michael Koval, C. Michael Hart, Ruxana T. Sadikot
  The FASEB Journal.2017; 31(8): 3608.     CrossRef
• Pioglitazone and the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials
  Marit de Jong, H. Bart van der Worp, Yolanda van der Graaf, Frank L. J. Visseren, Jan Westerink
  Cardiovascular Diabetology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Gestational diabetes mellitus was related to ambient air pollutant nitric oxide during early gestation
  Shih-Chun Pan, Ching-Chun Huang, Shio-Jean Lin, Bing-Yu Chen, Chang-Chuan Chan, Yue-Liang Leon Guo
  Environmental Research.2017; 158: 318.     CrossRef
• The Multifaceted Haptoglobin in the Context of Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
  Margherita Maffei, Ilaria Barone, Gaia Scabia, Ferruccio Santini
  Endocrine Reviews.2016; 37(4): 403.     CrossRef
• Enhanced Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma
  Brahmchetna Bedi, Zhihong Yuan, Myungsoo Joo, Susu M. Zughaier, Joanna B. Goldberg, Jack L. Arbiser, C. Michael Hart, Ruxana T. Sadikot, B. A. McCormick
  Infection and Immunity.2016; 84(7): 1975.     CrossRef
• F-box only protein 9 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase of PPARγ
  Kyeong Won Lee, Soo Heon Kwak, Young Do Koo, Yun-Kyung Cho, Hak Mo Lee, Hye Seung Jung, Young Min Cho, Young Joo Park, Sung Soo Chung, Kyong Soo Park
  Experimental & Molecular Medicine.2016; 48(5): e234.     CrossRef
• The Resin fromProtium heptaphyllumPrevents High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice: Scientific Evidence and Potential Mechanisms
  Karine Maria Martins Bezerra Carvalho, José Delano Barreto Marinho Filho, Tiago Sousa de Melo, Ana Jérsia Araújo, Josiane da Silva Quetz, Maria do Perpétuo Socorro Saldanha da Cunha, Karina Moura de Melo, Armenio Andre de Carvalho Almeida da Silva, Adrian
  Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2015; 2015: 1.     CrossRef
• Lobeglitazone and pioglitazone as add‐ons to metformin for patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24‐week, multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, active‐controlled, phase III clinical trial with a 28‐week extension
  S.‐M. Jin, C.‐Y. Park, Y. M. Cho, B. J. Ku, C. W. Ahn, B.‐S. Cha, K. W. Min, Y. A. Sung, S. H. Baik, K. W. Lee, K.‐H. Yoon, M.‐K. Lee, S. W. Park
  Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2015; 17(6): 599.     CrossRef
• Deconvolution of Complex 1D NMR Spectra Using Objective Model Selection
  Travis S. Hughes, Henry D. Wilson, Ian Mitchelle S. de Vera, Douglas J. Kojetin, Paul C. Driscoll
  PLOS ONE.2015; 10(8): e0134474.     CrossRef
• PPARγ partial agonist GQ-16 strongly represses a subset of genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
  Flora Aparecida Milton, Aleksandra Cvoro, Angelica A. Amato, Douglas H. Sieglaff, Carly S. Filgueira, Anithachristy Sigamani Arumanayagam, Maria do Carmo Alves de Lima, Ivan Rocha Pitta, Francisco de Assis Rocha Neves, Paul Webb
  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2015; 464(3): 718.     CrossRef
• Voluntary exercise prevents colonic inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice by up-regulating PPAR-γ activity
  Wei-Xin Liu, Ting Wang, Feng Zhou, Ying Wang, Jun-Wei Xing, Shen Zhang, Shou-Zhi Gu, Li-Xuan Sang, Cong Dai, Hai-Lan Wang
  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2015; 459(3): 475.     CrossRef
• Effect of a new PPAR-gamma agonist, lobeglitazone, on neointimal formation after balloon injury in rats and the development of atherosclerosis
  Soo Lim, Kuy-Sook Lee, Jie Eun Lee, Ho Seon Park, Kyoung Min Kim, Jae Hoon Moon, Sung Hee Choi, Kyong Soo Park, Young Bum Kim, Hak Chul Jang
  Atherosclerosis.2015; 243(1): 107.     CrossRef
• Antidiabetic agents: Potential anti-inflammatory activity beyond glucose control
  A.J. Scheen, N. Esser, N. Paquot
  Diabetes & Metabolism.2015; 41(3): 183.     CrossRef
• Genomic binding and regulation of gene expression by the thyroid carcinoma-associated PAX8-PPARG fusion protein
  Yanxiao Zhang, Jingcheng Yu, Chee Lee, Bin Xu, Maureen A. Sartor, Ronald J. Koenig
  Oncotarget.2015; 6(38): 40418.     CrossRef
• Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) and Ligand Choreography: Newcomers Take the Stage
  Santiago Garcia-Vallvé, Laura Guasch, Sarah Tomas-Hernández, Josep Maria del Bas, Vincent Ollendorff, Lluís Arola, Gerard Pujadas, Miquel Mulero
  Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2015; 58(14): 5381.     CrossRef
• Pathway Analysis of Metabolic Syndrome Using a Genome-Wide Association Study of Korea Associated Resource (KARE) Cohorts
  Unjin Shim, Han-Na Kim, Yeon-Ah Sung, Hyung-Lae Kim
  Genomics & Informatics.2014; 12(4): 195.     CrossRef
• Pax-8–PPAR-γ fusion protein in thyroid carcinoma
  Priyadarshini Raman, Ronald J. Koenig
  Nature Reviews Endocrinology.2014; 10(10): 616.     CrossRef
• Insulin therapy and colorectal cancer risk among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis
  Shinan Yin, Hua Bai, Danqing Jing
  Diagnostic Pathology.2014;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Common biological mechanisms between bipolar disorder and type 2 diabetes: Focus on inflammation
  Ajaykumar N. Sharma, Isabelle E. Bauer, Marsal Sanches, Juan F. Galvez, Giovana B. Zunta-Soares, Joao Quevedo, Flavio Kapczinski, Jair C. Soares
  Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry.2014; 54: 289.     CrossRef