Table 1Health status characteristics of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Shiraz, Iran, 2015 to 2016
Factor |
No. (%) |
95% CI |
Diabetic retinopathy |
|
|
Absent |
321 (67.2) |
63.2–71.6 |
Present |
157 (32.8) |
28.4–36.8 |
Retinopathy grades |
|
|
NPDR |
144 (91.7) |
86.6–95.5 |
Mild NPDR |
82 (56.9) |
44.6–59.9 |
Moderate NPDR |
44 (30.5) |
21.7–35.7 |
Sever NPDR |
18 (12.6) |
7.0–17.2 |
PDR |
13 (8.3) |
4.5–12.7 |
Type of diabetes mellitus |
|
|
T1DM |
28 (5.9) |
4.0–8.2 |
T2DM |
450 (94.1) |
91.8–96.0 |
Years of having diabetes |
|
|
<10 |
280 (58.6) |
54.4–62.6 |
10–20 |
141 (29.5) |
25.7–33.7 |
>20 |
27 (11.9) |
4.0–14.9 |
Family history of diabetes |
|
|
Yes |
305 (63.8) |
59.8–67.8 |
No |
173 (36.2) |
32.2–40.2 |
Chronic disease |
|
|
Absent |
118 (24.7) |
20.9–28.7 |
Present |
360 (75.3) |
71.3–79.1 |
Type of chronic disease |
|
|
Hypertension |
170 (35.6) |
34.4–40.0 |
Renal disease |
46 (9.6) |
7.1–12.1 |
Hyperlipidemia |
53 (11.1) |
8.4–13.8 |
Heart disease |
77 (16.1) |
12.8–19.7 |
Other disease |
27 (5.6) |
3.8–7.9 |
HbA1c |
|
|
Controlled |
223 (46.7) |
42.1–51.5 |
Uncontrolled |
255 (53.3) |
48.5–57.9 |
Diabetes control |
|
|
Insulin injection |
141 (29.5) |
25.9–33.9 |
Oral medication |
337 (70.5) |
66.1–74.1 |
Table 2Association between study factors and diabetic retinopathy among patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Shiraz, Iran, 2015 to 2016
|
Simple logistic regression |
Multiple logistic regression |
OR |
95% CI |
P value |
OR |
95% CI |
P value |
Age, yr |
1.02 |
1.01–1.04 |
0.005 |
NI |
- |
- |
Sex |
|
|
|
NI |
- |
- |
Female |
1 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
Male |
0.98 |
0.66–1.45 |
0.930 |
|
|
|
Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Illiterate or primary |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
Middle school or high school |
0.49 |
0.29–0.83 |
0.008 |
0.43 |
0.24–0.76 |
0.004 |
Academic |
0.43 |
0.21–0.86 |
0.017 |
0.41 |
0.19–0.87 |
0.020 |
Body mass index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
Overweight |
1.77 |
1.11–2.82 |
0.016 |
1.70 |
1.02–2.83 |
0.039 |
Obesity |
1.88 |
1.13–3.11 |
0.014 |
1.88 |
1.09–3.26 |
0.023 |
Type of diabetes |
|
|
|
NI |
|
|
T1DM |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
T2DM |
0.74 |
0.33–1.62 |
0.450 |
|
|
|
Years of having diabetes |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<10 |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
10–20 |
2.71 |
1.75–4.21 |
0.001 |
2.35 |
1.48–3.73 |
<0.001 |
>20 |
6.78 |
3.67–12.53 |
0.001 |
5.63 |
2.97–10.68 |
<0.001 |
HbA1c |
|
|
|
NI |
|
|
Controlled |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Uncontrolled |
1.17 |
0.80–1.72 |
0.402 |
|
|
|
Treatment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oral medication |
1 |
- |
- |
1 |
- |
- |
Insulin injection |
2.48 |
1.65–3.74 |
<0.001 |
1.99 |
1.27–3.10 |
0.002 |
Chronic disease |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Absent |
1 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
Present |
1.59 |
1.01–2.55 |
0.049 |
1.71 |
1.02–2.85 |
0.039 |
Family history of diabetes |
|
|
|
NI |
|
|
No |
1 |
- |
- |
Yes |
0.99 |
0.66–1.47 |
0.970 |