Fig. 1Scatter plot for the relationship between the frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. Linear regression test (β, −0.424; 95% confidence interval, −0.440 to −0.124; P=0.001).
Table 1Baseline characteristics of the subjects with T1DM including school-related factors in the school setting
Characteristic |
Value |
Number (male:female) |
61 (22:39) |
Age, yr |
15.5±1.9 |
T1DM duration, yr |
6.0±3.8 |
HbA1c, % |
8.6±1.4 (6.5–12.8) |
BMI-SDS |
0.39±0.95 |
C-peptide, ng/mL |
0.2±0.31 |
Daily insulin dosage, IU/kg/day |
0.93±0.36 |
Family history of diabetes mellitus |
17 (27.8) |
Family supports |
43 (70.5) |
Marital status of parents |
49 (80.3) |
Blood glucose diary |
21 (34.3) |
Daily total SMBG frequency, time/day |
3.8±2.1 (0.5–8.5) |
<1 |
10 (16.4) |
1 |
2 (3.2) |
2 |
5 (8.2) |
3 |
11 (18.1) |
4 |
17 (27.8) |
5 |
6 (9.8) |
6 |
3 (4.9) |
≥7 |
7 (11.6) |
SMBG frequency at school, time/day |
1.3±1.2 (0–4) |
<1 |
18 (29.5) |
1 |
22 (36.1) |
2 |
15 (24.6) |
≥3 |
6 (9.8) |
School supports |
61 (100) |
None |
30 (49.2) |
Teachers |
25 (41.0) |
Friends |
6 (9.8) |
Testing location at school |
61 (100) |
Classroom |
20 (32.8) |
Another place |
41 (67.2) |
Insulin injection frequency in school, time/day |
1.4±1.0 (0–3) |
Table 2Comparison of related factors in type 1 diabetes mellitus adolescents according to daily total frequency of SMBG and frequency during the school day
Factor |
Daily total SMBG frequency |
Daily SMBG frequency at school |
≥4 times/day |
<4 times/day |
P value |
≥2 times/day |
<2 times/day |
P value |
Number |
33 |
28 |
|
21 |
40 |
|
Age, yr |
15.0±1.8 |
15.6±1.4 |
0.175 |
14.8±1.7 |
15.5±1.6 |
0.115 |
Female sex |
22 (71.0) |
15 (60.0) |
0.411 |
16 (72.7) |
23 (58.9) |
0.129 |
DM duration, yr |
6.1±4.0 |
5.5±3.5 |
0.321 |
5.1±3.2 |
6.1±4.0 |
0.178 |
Insulin dosage, IU/kg/day |
1.09±0.36 |
0.76±0.34 |
0.029a
|
0.92±0.35 |
0.94±0.38 |
0.872 |
DM family history |
5 (15.2) |
12 (42.8) |
0.015a
|
5 (22.8) |
12 (30.7) |
0.485 |
Marital status of parents |
26 (78.8) |
23 (82.1) |
0.842 |
18 (81.9) |
31 (79.5) |
0.892 |
Family supports |
23 (69.9) |
20 (71.4) |
0.781 |
15 (68.2) |
28 (71.8) |
0.682 |
Blood glucose diary |
12 (36.3) |
9 (32.1) |
0.524 |
8 (38.1) |
15 (37.5) |
0.561 |
SMBG at school |
30 (90.9) |
13 (46.4) |
0.006a
|
NA |
NA |
NA |
Insulin injection in school, time/day |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1.7±0.80 |
1.2±1.1 |
0.081 |
Table 3OR of achieving the target glycosylated hemoglobin level (<7.5%) according to daily frequency of SMBG and frequency in the school setting
|
No. of frequency |
No. of subject |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
AOR (95% CI)a |
P valuea
|
Daily total SMBG |
≥5 |
16 |
7.33 (1.47–36.66) |
0.015 |
9.87 (1.58–61.70) |
0.014 |
4 |
17 |
Reference |
|
Reference |
|
≤3 |
28 |
0.76 (0.15–3.78) |
0.741 |
0.77 (0.11–5.58) |
0.793 |
Daily SMBG at school |
≥3 |
6 |
NAb
|
NAb
|
NAb
|
NAb
|
2 |
15 |
Reference |
|
Reference |
|
≤1 |
40 |
0.2 (0.08–0.99) |
0.048 |
0.2 (0.05–0.86) |
0.031 |
Table 4The association between school-related factors and the frequency of SMBG testing at school
Variable |
β |
95% CI |
P value |
Who has helped you to manage your illness?a
|
|
|
|
Teachers vs. none |
0.209 |
−0.157 to 1.215 |
0.128 |
Friends vs. none |
0.294 |
0.104 to 2.085 |
0.031b
|
Who is aware of your illness?a
|
|
|
|
Teachers only vs. friends |
0.352 |
−0.942 to 1.343 |
0.726 |
Who has informed others about your illness?a
|
|
|
|
Myself vs. others |
0.169 |
−0.277 to 1.173 |
0.220 |
Where have you been conducted SMBG at school?a
|
|
|
|
Another place vs. classroom |
−0.291 |
−1.483 to –0.040 |
0.039b
|