Fig. 1Change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose after 12 weeks of intervention. (A, C) Mean values of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels, respectively. (B, D) Individual data of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels, respectively. aP<0.001, bP<0.01.
Fig. 2Factors correlated with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction. Baseline HbA1c and the average number of daily glucometer input showed linear correlation to HbA1c reduction (A, B). HbA1c significantly decreased in the patients whose glucometer input frequency was minimal once a day (C) but did not decrease in the patients whose glucometer input frequency was less than once a day (D). aP<0.001.
Fig. 3Changes in the summary of diabetes self-care activities (SDSCA) score after 12 weeks of intervention. (A) Overall change and (B, C) change in the SDSCA scores according to the average number of daily glucometer inputs (upper tertile vs. lower tertile, respectively). (D, E) Change in the SDSCA scores according to the magnitude of glycosylated hemoglobin reduction (upper tertile vs. lower tertile, respectively). aP<0.001, bP<0.01, cP<0.05.
Table 1Baseline characteristics and change in parameters after 12 weeks
Characteristic |
Baseline |
Week 12 |
P value |
Group distribution, A:B:C:D |
5:5:16:3 |
- |
- |
Age, yr |
53.9±9.1 |
- |
- |
Sex, male:female |
20:9 |
- |
- |
Lipid-lowering agents |
19 (65.5) |
- |
- |
Antihypertensive agents |
10 (34.5) |
- |
- |
Body weight, kg |
69.5±12.4 |
69.1±12.2 |
0.245 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.0±2.8 |
24.9±2.8 |
0.309 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
140.9±39.1 |
120.1±31.0 |
0.009 |
HbA1c, % |
7.7±0.7 |
7.1±0.6 |
<0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
163.1±33.0 |
166.0±37.0 |
0.531 |
Triglyceride, mg/dLa
|
155.6±86.0 |
144.7±110.9 |
0.300 |
LDL-C, mg/dL |
82.7±28.4 |
86.3±32.5 |
0.422 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
49.3±10.9 |
50.8±12.6 |
0.323 |
AST, IU/La
|
28.6±10.2 |
26.6±8.2 |
0.234 |
ALT, IU/La
|
34.1±23.8 |
27.3±11.3 |
0.089 |