Fig. 1The prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) (n=3,999).
Fig. 2Odds ratios (ORs) of factors associated with the presence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy according to a logistic-regression analysis. Standardized ORs (95% confidence intervals) are expressed per standard deviation increase for each continuous variable. ORs for categorical variables have a reference group without the respective factor. OHA, oral hypoglycemic agents; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; CVD, cardiovascular disease; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; PAD, peripheral arterial disease. aP<0.05 vs. control, bHbA1c measurements in International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (mmol/mol) and Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (%) units. Adapted from Won JC, et al. Diabet Med 2012;29:e290-6, with permission from John Wiley and Sons [11].
Fig. 3Pattern of medication for neuropathy in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (n=934). SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SNRIs, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; TCAs, tricyclic antidepressants.
Fig. 4Mean value of measures related to the clinical impact of pain on (A) pain interference items using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form, (B) the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale, and (C) the quality of life (QoL) in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) (linear line) and nonpainful DPN (dotted line). (A) A 0 to 10 numeric rating scale was used for each item and was anchored at 0 (does not interfere) and 10 (completely interferes). (B) Item responses were assigned scores using conventional rules where higher scores indicate a greater severity of sleep disturbance (range, 0 to 100). (C) Data are expressed as percentages of respondents reporting more than some problems or greater (score of 2 or 3). Each question had three levels: no problem, score of 1; some problems, score of 2; and severe problems, score of 3. (A-C) P<0.01 for all items between painful DPN and nonpainful DPN. Adapted from Kim SS, et al. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Forthcoming 2014, with permission from Elsevier [13].