Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Search
OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Diabetes Metab J > Volume 40(6); 2016 > Article
Review
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic Surgery for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Experience from Asia
Wei-Jei Lee1orcid, Lwin Aung2
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2016;40(6):433-443.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2016.40.6.433
Published online: December 2, 2016
  • 3,806 Views
  • 66 Download
  • 15 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
  • 18 Scopus

1Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

2Department of Surgery, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore.

Corresponding author: Wei-Jei Lee. Department of Surgery, Min-Sheng General Hospital, National Taiwan University, No 168, Chin Kuo Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan. wjlee_obessurg_tw@yahoo.com.tw
• Received: September 2, 2016   • Accepted: October 25, 2016

Copyright © 2016 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a current global health priority and Asia is the epicenter of this epidemic disease. Unlike in the west, where older population is most affected, the burden of diabetes in Asian countries is disproportionately high in young to middle-age adults. The incidence of diabetic nephropathy is alarmingly high in patients with early onset T2DM, especially in those with poor glycemic control. How to control this chronic and debilitating disease is currently a very important health issue in Asia. Bariatric surgery has proven successful in treating not just obesity but also T2DM in morbid obese patients (body mass index [BMI] >35 kg/m2). Gastrointestinal metabolic surgery recently has been proposed as a new treatment modality for obesity related T2DM for patients with BMI <35 kg/m2. Many studies from Asia reported promising results of metabolic surgery to treat obese patients with T2DM which is not well controlled. It has been demonstrated that changes in gastrointestinal hormone secretion after gastrointestinal surgery would favor an early improvement of T2DM in Asians. New procedures have also been designed and proposed specifically for the treatment of diabetes in Asia. This article examines clinical trial data and accepted algorithms with a view toward elucidating the application of metabolic surgery for the treatment of T2DM in the Asia. We propose a systematic approach to surgical treatment, addressing current evidences, patient selection, procedure of choice, and timing and guideline for new procedures.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has reached to a pandemic level and is currently a significant challenge to health care system worldwide. More than 60% of the world's population with diabetes comes from Asia and the incidence of T2DM in Asia is increasing more rapidly than the rest of the world [1]. Unlike in the West, where older population is most affected, the burden of diabetes in Asian countries is disproportionately high in young to middle-age adults. The incidence of diabetic nephropathy is alarmingly high in patients with early onset T2DM, especially in those with poor glycemic control [2]. In Asia, most of newly diagnosed end-stage renal disease patients are due to T2DM. How to control this chronic and debilitating disease is currently a very important health issue in Asia. Unfortunately, current medical treatment has been relatively unsatisfactory as more than half of the patients cannot achieve the therapeutic goal [34]. Those with poorly controlled T2DM are exposed to high risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications such as blindness, limb amputation, end-stage renal disease, and cardiovascular accidents. It also carries a heavy burden of psychosocial and health-economic consequences. Recently, a potential cure for diabetes, bariatric surgery, has arisen in an unexpected way. Bariatric surgery, a weight reduction surgery, has been shown not only an effective treatment for severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] >35 kg/m2) but also result in marked improvement of T2DM control [5]. In addition to weight loss, many mechanisms, including calorie restriction, improved β-cell function, improved insulin sensitivity, alterations in gut physiology, bile acid metabolism, and gut microbiota may contribute in T2DM remission after metabolic surgery [6]. Therefore, gastrointestinal metabolic surgery recently has been proposed as a new treatment modality for obesity related T2DM in patients with BMI <35 kg/m2 [7]. Although bariatric surgery was introduced in Asia later than the Western countries and relatively less well established, the use of bariatric surgery to treat T2DM is pioneered from this region as Asia is in the epicenter of T2DM epidemic. This review summarized the development of metabolic surgery and the current evidences on efficacy of metabolic surgery to treat T2DM in Asia over the past decade. This review will build a foundation for metabolic surgery and the development of further clinical trials to provide more evidence in metabolic surgery for the treatment of T2DM.
The initiation of metabolic surgery started from the report by Pories et al. [8] in 1995. In this landmark paper, the authors reported that gastric bypass is the most effective therapy for T2DM in morbidly obese patients. Rubino and Marescaux [9], then, rejuvenated the metabolic surgery by publishing the provoke concept of duodenum exclusion by an elaborate animal experiment in 2004. In Asia, Lee et al. [10] published the first paper in the world to report the effectiveness of bariatric surgery on the treatment of metabolic syndrome in 2004. Lee et al. [11] then published the first two reports about the efficacy of bariatric surgery on T2DM treatment in Asian in 2008 and 2009. However, Asian Pacific Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society was the first society to propose using bariatric/metabolic surgery for T2DM treatment and recommended to set the indication for metabolic surgery at lower BMI <32 kg/m2 in 2005 [7]. The first randomized controlled trial (RCT) in the world specific to metabolic surgery is from Asia [12]. This study compared laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) to laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) for the treatment of T2DM in Asian patients with BMI <35 kg/m2 and was the first study to prove that LGB (a duodenum exclusion procedure) had better efficacy on T2DM remission than LSG (non-duodenum exclusion procedure). Following this landmark study, many reports, clinical trials, and researches had come out from this region and contributed to the development of metabolic surgery. After many Asian societies advocated new consensus of using metabolic surgery to treat T2DM for Asians, the international society incorporated the new consensus for Asian [13]. At this time, metabolic surgery has been formally put into the algorithm of T2DM treatment.
Bariatric surgery has been evolving over the past 50 years. There have been numerous surgical approaches to weight loss surgery. The application of laparoscopic techniques to bariatric surgery in the past decade has reduced perioperative morbidity and has contributed to a remarkable increase in popularity of bariatric surgery and metabolic surgery for the treatment of T2DM. Among all the procedures, LSG, LGB, and adjustable gastric banding were the three most commonly performed bariatric/metabolic procedures in Asia (Fig. 1) [14].
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
LSG removes approximately 75% of the stomach from greater curvature side and leave a long narrow gastric tube and antrum. This procedure not only restricts the food intake but also increases both gastric emptying and intestinal transit time. Because of the relative simplicity, good weight result and less long-term nutritional problems, LSG becomes the most commonly performed bariatric/metabolic surgery worldwide nowaday [14]. The first report of using LSG to treat T2DM was from India [15]. The remission rate of T2DM (glycosylated hemoglobin <6.5% without antidiabetic medications) 1 year after LSG was 96.2%. However, the remission rate decreased to 50% in patients with BMI <30 kg/m2 [16]. Many reports have been published from different areas of Asia [1718192021222324252627282930]. Table 1 summarizes the reported T2DM remission rate according to different criteria and follow-up years. The remission rate was higher in high BMI group but a trend of decreasing glycemic control with increasing follow-up duration was observed. The advantages of LSG were its efficacy, relative simplicity, less long-term malnutrition, less complication and avoidance of remnant gastric cancer. It does not require insertion of foreign body and avoids band related complications. However, two randomized trials reported that the overall glycemic control was better in LGB over LSG for T2DM treatment in low BMI patients, possibly due to the duodenum exclusion effect [412]. A meta-analysis also supported the superiority of LGB over LSG for T2DM treatment [31]. Therefore, all the T2DM patients should receive detailed evaluation and counselling before receiving metabolic surgery.
Laparoscopic gastric bypass
Five-decades old gastric bypass surgery has become a time honored procedure and is currently regarded as a standard bariatric/metabolic procedure. Following the introduction of laparoscopic era, LGB has accelerated the development both of the bariatric and metabolic surgery [32]. LGB isolates a small gastric pouch from the rest of the stomach. The ingested food in the small gastric pouch was then channeled into the distal part of small bowel via an anastomosis. Thus, the gastric bypass procedure (1) restricts the food and calorie intake, (2) bypasses the gut hormone rich duodenum and proximal jejunum, and (3) expedites the undigested food to the distal intestine, stimulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide-YY (PYY) secretion, as well altering the gut microbiota environment and bile acid metabolism [6]. The drainage procedure is by either Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or a simplified loop bypass, single anastomosis (mini-) gastric bypass (SAGB) [33]. The first report of gastric bypass for the treatment of T2DM in Asian was from Lee et al. [11] in 2008. The authors reported a very high T2DM remission rate of more than 80% after SAGB in those with BMI >35, but remission rate decreased to 75% in those with BMI <35. Since then, there have been reports about LGB for T2DM treatment from many areas of Asia [343536,37383940414243]. Table 2 summarized the reported T2DM remission after gastric bypass according to different criteria and follow-up years. The remission rate was higher in high BMI group. A decreasing trend of glycemic control along with the increasing follow-up years was observed again. However, in general, the remission rate after LGB was higher than that of LSG.
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding
Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is the safest bariatric surgical procedure but the efficacy is less favored than other bariatric procedures. Although some randomized trial had shown the better efficacy of LAGB for the treatment of T2DM compared to medical treatment, LAGB is now rarely performed in Asia because of its unpredictability in outcome [171830]. The reported T2DM remission rate after LAGB was only 26.3%, less significant than the 58.3% in LSG [30], and around 80% in gastric bypass [1718].
Laparoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery was inspired from Rubino's animal experiment [21]. However, simple exclusion of duodenum was found to be less effective than conventional bariatric/metabolic surgery [44]. Therefore, duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (DJB-SG) has recently been introduced from this region as a novel metabolic surgery by adding a duodenal switch procedure to SG, which combines the principles and advantages of SG and duodenal switch [45]. The efficacy of DJB-SG was similar to convention gastric bypass [46]. Although gastric bypass is the standard metabolic surgery, gastric bypass had a major problem of precluding the screening of excluded stomach. This may raise a great concern in Asian countries with high incidence of gastric cancer. Therefore, the major advantage of DJB-SG compared to RYGB is avoidance of the risk of gastric cancer arising from remnant stomach by leaving no excluded stomach. Other theoretical advantage of DJB-SG is related to the preservation of the pylorus, which include the prevention of dumping syndrome and facilitating the iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and protein absorption by preserving the acid and intrinsic factor. A recent study showed that by adding a duodenal exclusion to SG, the DJB-SG can increase 10% more weight loss and improve the glycemic control as well as reduce the uric acid level [47]. This finding further supported the important role of duodenum exclusion in the treatment of T2DM. A 5-year report was published recently from Japan to support the efficacy of this procedure [48].
Other novel procedure, such as ileal transportation [49] or proximal jejunal bypass were either too complicated or without evidence to support in clinical usage.
Several studies in Asian and Western population have supported unequivocal advantage of metabolic surgery over life style modification and intensive medical treatment alone in terms of diabetes remission (Table 3) [3,4,40,50,51,52,53,54]. The outcomes of metabolic surgery on T2DM remission was comparable between Asians and Western populations. T2DM remission was reported around 40% to 75% following metabolic surgery in contrast to poor remission rate in non-surgical group which was reported around 0% to 10% in both Asian and non-Asian populations. Even though the follow-up period in most of the published studies were short; only 1 to 2 years, T2DM resolution following metabolic surgery is very promising. More reports on longer term metabolic outcomes are expected to come out in near future to provide stronger evidences on durability of metabolic effects of bariatric surgery.
Six RCTs about metabolic surgery had been published from Asia [31217252829]. Table 4 listed the detail of each studies. Two focused on the comparison of bariatric surgery and best medical treatment for the treatment of T2DM [317]. One study recruited 120 patients with BMI between 30 to 40 from Taiwan and USA [3]. Among those patients, 71 patients were mild obesity (BMI 30 to 35 kg/m2), 35 participants (19 USA and 16 Taiwanese) enrolled in medical treatment group, where 36 participants (22 USA and 12 Taiwanese) enrolled RYGB. The other study recruited 120 patients with BMI >28 kg/m2 T2DM patients with hypertension into three groups [17]. Both groups achieved significantly better glycemic control and reduction of hypertension medication in surgical treatment comparing to medical treatment.
The other three studies focused on the comparison of LSG and LGB for the treatment of T2DM [122528]. One studies found that SAGB is better than LSG in control low BMI patients [12]. The other two studies found similar efficacy between RYGB and LSG in the treatment of T2DM [1728]. One RCT compared cost effectiveness between LSG and RYGB with 2-year follow-up [29]. The author concluded that LSG is as effective as RYGB and is slightly more cost-effective than RYGB. Another two on-going studies are awaiting to be published.
Overwhelming evidence have supported that effective diabetes resolution was achieved in obese T2DM patients after undergoing metabolic surgery. The underlying mechanism for diabetes remission after metabolic surgery is intriguing. Initially, four possible mechanisms had been proposed, including the starvation followed by weight-loss hypothesis, the ghrelin hypothesis, the lower intestinal (hind-gut) hypothesis, and the upper intestinal (fore-gut) hypothesis. More theories were proposed recently [13]. None of these theories necessarily precludes the others. Therefore, any combination of these mechanisms may contribute to some degree in T2DM remission and it is very difficult to design a study to elucidate the exact mechanism.
Although Asian tends to accumulate fat in abdomen and develop T2DM relatively at a younger age, lower BMI and much higher incidence [12], metabolic surgery still works very well in Asian. A rapid reduction of insulin resistance and recovery of early insulin secretion have been documented after both LSG and LGB [16]. However, the recovery of incretin effect was found to be higher in LGB than LSG [24]. This discrepancy was attributed to different level of gut hormone and cytokine secretion [55]. It has been suggested that the dramatic reduction in ghrelin after SG may explain the weight loss mechanism. In addition to the dramatic reduction of ghrelin effect, SG was also reported to have hind-gut effect with increasing of GLP-1 and PYY due to increasing transit time after SG [55]. It was also reported that weight loss to be similar between GB and SG but duodenum exclusion do play a role in T2DM remission [1247].
Although the safety of bariatric/metabolic surgery had been improved significantly recently, metabolic surgery still carried a major complication rate of 2% with a mortality rate 0.2% [31]. Once major complication occurred, the severity was usually higher in those with T2DM because of the associated medical conditions. Therefore, detailed preoperative cardiovascular, renal, and ophthalmologic evaluation is mandatory for T2DM patients before receiving metabolic surgery. Metabolic surgery should also be performed by experienced surgeons and in high volume center to reduce the surgical risk and maximize the outcome.
Along with weight reduction and T2DM remission, metabolic surgery may also bring some side-effects and long-term nutritional problems [356]. A certain degree of malnutrition commonly accompanies the food restriction and duodenum exclusion, including the iron, calcium, vitamin B12, and protein deficiency. Therefore, T2DM patients with metabolic surgery should be regularly followed up, monitored and treated by a multidisciplinary team. Routine vitamin and minor element supplements are also indicated after metabolic surgery.
Optimal outcomes for diabetes remission after metabolic surgery can be achieved if patients best suited to the surgery are selected and those who will predictably have a poor result are excluded. To be able to make such decisions, we need some predictors and guideline from Asia for the Asian. This information is helpful for applying metabolic surgery for T2DM treatment in clinical practice.
Current indications for bariatric surgery were based on BMI and metabolic surgery was recommended for T2DM Asian with BMI >27.5 kg/m2 [11]. Although T2DM remission is closely associated with BMI, many other factors, such as abdominal obesity, β-cell function, duration of disease, and age are all important predictor of T2DM remission after metabolic surgery in Asian.
Since T2DM is a progressive disease with continuously depleting β-cell function, the longer the duration of T2DM, the poorer the response to T2DM is expected. Patients with long history of diabetes usually have poor β-cell function and not suitable for metabolic surgery as they may be taking unnecessary surgical risks without achieving desirable remission. Therefore, current international guideline recommends metabolic surgery should be performed as earlier as possible. Metabolic surgery is now recommended as a priority treatment of choice for severely obese (BMI >32.5 for Asian) T2DM patients.
Metabolic surgery is indicated in those with acceptable β-cell function and C-peptide is recommended for a useful tool to evaluate T2DM patient for metabolic surgery [57]. C-peptide is a connecting peptide to insulin. Pro-insulin is formed by one C-peptide molecule attached to each insulin molecule. Pro-insulin splits into insulin and C-peptide after it is release from the pancreas into the blood in response to a rise in blood glucose. C-peptide is a valuable test in the classifying different types of diabetes. Therefore, C-peptide levels in T2DM patients may reflect the status of pancreas islet cell preservation and predict the success of surgical treatment of T2DM.
Age is also an important consideration for metabolic surgery. The incidence of young-onset T2DM is high in Asians. As these patients tend to have severe disease and more complications, metabolic surgery is especially worth in this group of patients. A recent study showed that young onset (<40 years age) T2DM Asian had more severe disease than late onset T2DM patients but had a better response to metabolic surgery [58]. This study highlighted the importance of metabolic surgery to be considered as priority for those Asian with young onset and poorly controlled T2DM.
To combine those important predictors, a scoring system has recently been developed [59]. This ABCD Diabetes Surgery Score system consisted of four variables; age, BMI, C-peptide level, and duration of diabetes. A 4-point score ranging from 0 (lowest value) to 3 (maximal value) was used for BMI, C-peptide level, and duration of diabetes. For age, only a one-point score was used. The summated ABCD score ranges from 0 to 10 points. The higher the score, the higher the chance of T2DM remission after metabolic surgery can be expected. Young patients with high BMI, short duration of disease, and good β-cell function are associated with high ABCD score. ABCD score is especially designed for predicting the success of metabolic surgery and has been validated in many studies [60]. In clinical practice, this score system can help the endocrinologist to set the priority for referring patients for metabolic surgery and the surgeon to counsel the patients for metabolic surgery and choice of surgical procedure.
The success of bariatric surgery in obese diabetic individuals (BMI >35 kg/m2) has led to the paradigm shift of metabolic surgery for the treatment of T2DM, including patients with a BMI <35 kg/m2. Data from Asian studies supported that metabolic surgery is the promising therapy for glycemic control in poorly controlled Asian T2DM patients with BMI >27.5 kg/m2. The mechanisms of metabolic gastrointestinal surgery are thought to be dependent on the dramatic enterohormonal changes after physioanatomical re-arrangement of the gastrointestinal tract. Right selection of patients and metabolic surgery procedure is paramount importance to achieve high T2DM remission and successful outcomes after surgery. Further researches are required to establish new guidelines and indications for metabolic surgery in less obese or lean patients. How to provide a safe bariatric surgery, train qualified bariatric surgeon and continue to develop better techniques will be the important issues in surgical treatment of obesity in future.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

  • 1. Chan JC, Malik V, Jia W, Kadowaki T, Yajnik CS, Yoon KH, Hu FB. Diabetes in Asia: epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiology. JAMA 2009;301:2129-2140. ArticlePubMed
  • 2. Yokoyama H, Okudaira M, Otani T, Watanabe C, Takaike H, Miuira J, Yamada H, Mutou K, Satou A, Uchigata Y, Iwamoto Y. High incidence of diabetic nephropathy in early-onset Japanese NIDDM patients. Risk analysis. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1080-1085. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 3. Ikramuddin S, Korner J, Lee WJ, Bantle JP, Thomas AJ, Connett JE, Leslie DB, Inabnet WB 3rd, Wang Q, Jeffery RW, Chong K, Chuang LM, Jensen MD, Vella A, Ahmed L, Belani K, Olofson AE, Bainbridge HA, Billington CJ. Durability of addition of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass to lifestyle intervention and medical management in achieving primary treatment goals for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes in mild to moderate obesity: a randomized control trial. Diabetes Care 2016;39:1510-1518. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 4. Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP, Wolski K, Brethauer SA, Navaneethan SD, Aminian A, Pothier CE, Kim ES, Nissen SE, Kashyap SR. STAMPEDE Investigators. Bariatric surgery versus intensive medical therapy for diabetes: 3-year outcomes. N Engl J Med 2014;370:2002-2013. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 5. Buchwald H, Avidor Y, Braunwald E, Jensen MD, Pories W, Fahrbach K, Schoelles K. Bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2004;292:1724-1737. ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Cho YM. A gut feeling to cure diabetes: potential mechanisms of diabetes remission after bariatric surgery. Diabetes Metab J 2014;38:406-415. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 7. Lee WJ, Wang W. Bariatric surgery: Asia-Pacific perspective. Obes Surg 2005;15:751-757. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 8. Pories WJ, Swanson MS, MacDonald KG, Long SB, Morris PG, Brown BM, Barakat HA, deRamon RA, Israel G, Dolezal JM, Dohm L. Who would have thought it? An operation proves to be the most effective therapy for adult-onset diabetes mellitus. Ann Surg 1995;222:339-350. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 9. Rubino F, Marescaux J. Effect of duodenal-jejunal exclusion in a non-obese animal model of type 2 diabetes: a new perspective for an old disease. Ann Surg 2004;239:1-11. PubMedPMC
  • 10. Lee WJ, Huang MT, Wang W, Lin CM, Chen TC, Lai IR. Effects of obesity surgery on the metabolic syndrome. Arch Surg 2004;139:1088-1092. ArticlePubMed
  • 11. Lee WJ, Wang W, Lee YC, Huang MT, Ser KH, Chen JC. Effect of laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison of BMI>35 and <35 kg/m(2). J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:945-952. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 12. Lee WJ, Chong K, Ser KH, Lee YC, Chen SC, Chen JC, Tsai MH, Chuang LM. Gastric bypass vs sleeve gastrectomy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Surg 2011;146:143-148. ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Rubino F, Nathan DM, Eckel RH, Schauer PR, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, Del Prato S, Ji L, Sadikot SM, Herman WH, Amiel SA, Kaplan LM, Taroncher-Oldenburg G, Cummings DE. Delegates of the 2nd Diabetes Surgery Summit. Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by International Diabetes Organizations. Diabetes Care 2016;39:861-877. ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P, Formisano G, Buchwald H, Scopinaro N. Bariatric surgery worldwide 2013. Obes Surg 2015;25:1822-1832. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 15. Shah PS, Todkar JS, Shah SS. Effectiveness of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on glycemic control in obese Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010;6:138-141. ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Lee WJ, Ser KH, Chong K, Lee YC, Chen SC, Tsou JJ, Chen JC, Chen CM. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for diabetes treatment in nonmorbidly obese patients: efficacy and change of insulin secretion. Surgery 2010;147:664-669. ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Kasama K, Tagaya N, Kanahira E, Umezawa A, Kurosaki T, Oshiro T, Ishikawa M, Negishi Y, Kurokawa Y, Suzuki N, Kakihara Y, Taketsuka S, Horie K, Nakazato T, Kikkawa E, Kabasawa S, Fukuda Y, Sonoda K. Has laparoscopic bariatric surgery been accepted in Japan? The experience of a single surgeon. Obes Surg 2008;18:1473-1478. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 18. Lee WJ, Hur KY, Lakadawala M, Kasama K, Wong SK, Lee YC. Gastrointestinal metabolic surgery for the treatment of diabetic patients: a multi-institutional international study. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:45-51. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 19. Liu SY, Wong SK, Lam CC, Yung MY, Kong AP, Ng EK. Long-term results on weight loss and diabetes remission after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for a morbidly obese Chinese population. Obes Surg 2015;25:1901-1908. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 20. Park JY, Kim YJ. Efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in mildly obese patients with body mass index of 30-35 kg/m(2). Obes Surg 2015;25:1351-1357. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 21. Lakdawala MA, Muda NH, Goel S, Bhasker A. Single-incision sleeve gastrectomy versus conventional laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a randomised pilot study. Obes Surg 2011;21:1664-1670. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 22. Lee WJ, Chong K, Aung L, Chen SC, Ser KH, Lee YC. Metabolic surgery for diabetes treatment: sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass. World J Surg 2016 8 22 [Epub]. ArticlePDF
  • 23. Todkar JS, Shah SS, Shah PS, Gangwani J. Long-term effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in morbidly obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010;6:142-145. ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Lee WJ, Chong K, Lin YH, Wei JH, Chen SC. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus single anastomosis (mini-) gastric bypass for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: 5-year results of a randomized trial and study of incretin effect. Obes Surg 2014;24:1552-1562. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 25. Zhang Y, Zhao H, Cao Z, Sun X, Zhang C, Cai W, Liu R, Hu S, Qin M. A randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy for the treatment of morbid obesity in China: a 5-year outcome. Obes Surg 2014;24:1617-1624. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 26. Kular KS, Manchanda N, Rutledge R. Analysis of the five-year outcomes of sleeve gastrectomy and mini gastric bypass: a report from the Indian sub-continent. Obes Surg 2014;24:1724-1728. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 27. Jammu GS, Sharma R. A 7-year clinical audit of 1107 cases comparing sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-En-Y gastric bypass, and mini-gastric bypass, to determine an effective and safe bariatric and metabolic procedure. Obes Surg 2016;26:926-932. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 28. Yang J, Wang C, Cao G, Yang W, Yu S, Zhai H, Pan Y. Long-term effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the treatment of Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with body mass index 28-35 kg/m(2). BMC Surg 2015;15:88ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 29. Tang Q, Sun Z, Zhang N, Xu G, Song P, Xu L, Tang W. Cost-effectiveness of bariatric surgery for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e3522PubMedPMC
  • 30. Wong SK, Kong AP, So WY, Tsung BY, Yau PY, Chan JC, Ng EK. Use of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding for suboptimally controlled diabetes in Hong Kong. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012;14:372-374. ArticlePubMed
  • 31. Lee WJ, Almulaifi A, Chong K, Yao WC, Tsou JJ, Ser KH, Lee YC, Chen SC, Chen JC. Bariatric versus diabetes surgery after five years of follow up. Asian J Surg 2016;39:96-102. ArticlePubMed
  • 32. Lee WJ, Yu PJ, Wang W, Chen TC, Wei PL, Huang MT. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y versus mini-gastric bypass for the treatment of morbid obesity: a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Surg 2005;242:20-28. PubMedPMC
  • 33. Kim Z, Hur KY. Laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass for type 2 diabetes: the preliminary report. World J Surg 2011;35:631-636. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 34. Shah SS, Todkar JS, Shah PS, Cummings DE. Diabetes remission and reduced cardiovascular risk after gastric bypass in Asian Indians with body mass index <35 kg/m(2). Surg Obes Relat Dis 2010;6:332-338. ArticlePubMed
  • 35. Malapan K, Goel R, Tai CM, Kao YH, Chang PC, Huang CK. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for nonobese type II diabetes mellitus in Asian patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2014;10:834-840. ArticlePubMed
  • 36. Kim MJ, Hur KY. Short-term outcomes of laparoscopic single anastomosis gastric bypass (LSAGB) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in lower BMI (<30 kg/m(2)) patients. Obes Surg 2014;24:1044-1051. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 37. Dixon JB, Hur KY, Lee WJ, Kim MJ, Chong K, Chen SC, Straznicky NE, Zimmet P. Gastric bypass in type 2 diabetes with BMI < 30: weight and weight loss have a major influence on outcomes. Diabet Med 2013;30:e127-e134. ArticlePubMed
  • 38. Zhu L, Mo Z, Yang X, Liu S, Wang G, Li P, Tan J, Ye F, Strain J, Im I, Zhu S. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastroenterostomy with BMI<35 kg/m(2) in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Surg 2012;22:1562-1567. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 39. Huang CK, Shabbir A, Lo CH, Tai CM, Chen YS, Houng JY. Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus in Chinese patients with body mass index of 25-35. Obes Surg 2011;21:1344-1349. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 40. Liang Z, Wu Q, Chen B, Yu P, Zhao H, Ouyang X. Effect of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery on type 2 diabetes mellitus with hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013;101:50-56. ArticlePubMed
  • 41. Dixon JB, Chuang LM, Chong K, Chen SC, Lambert GW, Straznicky NE, Lambert EA, Lee WJ. Predicting the glycemic response to gastric bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013;36:20-26. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 42. Lakdawala M, Shaikh S, Bandukwala S, Remedios C, Shah M, Bhasker AG. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass stands the test of time: 5-year results in low body mass index (30-35 kg/m(2)) Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013;9:370-378. ArticlePubMed
  • 43. Liang H, Guan W, Yang Y, Mao Z, Mei Y, Liu H, Miao Y. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a BMI < 28 kg/m(2): a multi-institutional study. J Biomed Res 2015;29:112-117. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 44. Lee HC, Kim MK, Kwon HS, Kim E, Song KH. Early changes in incretin secretion after laparoscopic duodenal-jejunal bypass surgery in type 2 diabetic patients. Obes Surg 2010;20:1530-1535. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 45. Kasama K, Tagaya N, Kanehira E, Oshiro T, Seki Y, Kinouchi M, Umezawa A, Negishi Y, Kurokawa Y. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenojejunal bypass: technique and preliminary results. Obes Surg 2009;19:1341-1345. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 46. Lee WJ, Lee KT, Kasama K, Seiki Y, Ser KH, Chun SC, Chen JC, Lee YC. Laparoscopic single-anastomosis duodenal-jejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (SADJB-SG): short-term result and comparison with gastric bypass. Obes Surg 2014;24:109-113. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 47. Lee WJ, Almulaifi AM, Tsou JJ, Ser KH, Lee YC, Chen SC. Duodenal-jejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy versus the sleeve gastrectomy procedure alone: the role of duodenal exclusion. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015;11:765-770. ArticlePubMed
  • 48. Celik A, Cagiltay E, Ugale S, Asci M, Celik BO, Karaca C, Abdul-Ghani M. Diverted sleeve gastrectomy with ileal transposition in overweight, obese, and morbidly obese patients with type 2 diabetes: results of 1-year follow-up. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016;12:541-549. ArticlePubMed
  • 49. Seki Y, Kasama K, Umezawa A, Kurokawa Y. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with duodenojejunal bypass for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Surg 2016;26:2035-2044. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 50. Palikhe G, Gupta R, Behera BN, Sachdeva N, Gangadhar P, Bhansali A. Efficacy of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and intensive medical management in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Surg 2014;24:529-535. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 51. Cummings DE, Arterburn DE, Westbrook EO, Kuzma JN, Stewart SD, Chan CP, Bock SN, Landers JT, Kratz M, Foster-Schubert KE, Flum DR. Gastric bypass surgery vs intensive lifestyle and medical intervention for type 2 diabetes: the CROSSROADS randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia 2016;59:945-953. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 52. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Nanni G, Castagneto M, Bornstein S, Rubino F. Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus conventional medical treatment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: 5 year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;386:964-973. ArticlePubMed
  • 53. Dixon JB, O'Brien PE, Playfair J, Chapman L, Schachter LM, Skinner S, Proietto J, Bailey M, Anderson M. Adjustable gastric banding and conventional therapy for type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;299:316-323. ArticlePubMed
  • 54. Heo YS, Park JM, Kim YJ, Kim SM, Park DJ, Lee SK, Han SM, Shim KW, Lee YJ, Lee JY, Kwon JW. Bariatric surgery versus conventional therapy in obese Korea patients: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Korean Surg Soc 2012;83:335-342. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 55. Lee WJ, Chen CY, Chong K, Lee YC, Chen SC, Lee SD. Changes in postprandial gut hormones after metabolic surgery: a comparison of gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2011;7:683-690. ArticlePubMed
  • 56. Lee WJ, Lee MH, Yu PJ, Wei JH, Chong K, Chen SC, Almulaifi A, Lee YC. Gastro-intestinal quality of life after metabolic surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Surg 2015;25:1371-1379. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 57. Lee WJ, Chong K, Ser KH, Chen JC, Lee YC, Chen SC, Su YH, Tsai MH. C-peptide predicts the remission of type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2012;22:293-298. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 58. Aung L, Lee WJ, Chen SC, Ser KH, Wu CC, Chong K, Lee YC, Chen JC. Bariatric surgery for patients with early-onset vs late-onset type 2 diabetes. JAMA Surg 2016;151:798-805. ArticlePubMed
  • 59. Lee WJ, Hur KY, Lakadawala M, Kasama K, Wong SK, Chen SC, Lee YC, Ser KH. Predicting success of metabolic surgery: age, body mass index, C-peptide, and duration score. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013;9:379-384. ArticlePubMed
  • 60. Lee WJ, Almulaifi A, Tsou JJ, Ser KH, Lee YC, Chen SC. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy for type 2 diabetes mellitus: predicting the success by ABCD score. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2015;11:991-996. ArticlePubMed
Fig. 1

Common metabolic procedures in Asia.

dmj-40-433-g001.jpg
Table 1

Type 2 diabetes mellitus outcomes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in Asian (by BMI and follow-up time)

dmj-40-433-i001.jpg
Study Case no. Age, yr BMI, kg/m2 Duration of T2DM, yr HbA1c, % T2DM remission rate (HbA1c),% Follow-up, yr
<7 <6.5 <6.0
Lee et al. (2010) [16] 20 45.0±10.8 28.5±3.3 7.9±5.1 9.3±0.8 - 50 - 1
Lee et al. (2011) [12] 30 45 30.3 NR 10.0 - 47 - 1
Park et al. (2015) [20] 11 35.8±10.2 32.7±1.6 NR 8.0 - - 82 1
Lee et al. (2016) [22] 109 43.2±11.0 35.7±7.2 3.3±3.5 8.8±1.5 - - 56 1
Liu et al. (2015) [19] 65 40.9±10.0 40.6±6.2 4.5 8.2±1.8 80.9 34.5 34.5 1
Lee et al. (2012) [18] 20 44.4±11.9 40.7±6.6 NR 9.1±1.2 - 72.7 - 1
Lakdawala et al. (2011) [21] 14 27 42 NR NR 78.6 - - 1
Park et al. (2015) [20] 143 32.2±9.3 42.6±6.6 NR 7.1 - - 83 1
Shah et al. (2010) [15] 53 46.5±8.7 45.2±9.3 4.2±5.0 8.4±1.6 - 96.2 - 1
Kasama et al. (2008) [17] 6 38±10 49.1±10 NR NR 88.9 - - 1
Tang et al. (2016) [29] 34 36.6±8.0 38.4±8.6 5.1±4.1 7.4±1.8 - 76.5 50 2
Wong et al. (2012) [30] 24 NR 40±6.7 5.9±6.4 7.9±2.4 85.7 71.4 58.3 2
Yang et al. (2015) [28] 32 40.4±9.4 31.8±3.0 4.0±1.7 8.5±1.2 - 89.3 78.6 3
Liu et al. (2015) [19] 39 40.9±10.0 40.6±6.2 4.5 8.2±1.8 74.2 52.7 47.2 3
Todkar et al. (2010) [23] 23 44.6±11.9 40.7±6.6 NR NR - 72.7 - 3
Lee et al. (2014) [24] 30 46.4±8.1 31.0±2.8 6.9±5.3 9.9±1.8 - 36.7 6.7 5
Jammu et al. (2016) [27] 23 23 35 NR NR - 56.5 - 5
Lee et al. (2016) [22] 109 43.2±4.0 35.7±7.2 33±3.5 3.8±1.5 - - 56 5
Zhang et al. (2014) [25] 9 29.3±9.8 38.5±4.2 NR 9.1±1.2 - 67 - 5
Liu et al. (2015) [19] 19 40.9±10.0 40.6±6.2 4.5 8.2±1.8 78.6 70.6 64.7 5
Kular et al. (2014) [26] 61 NR 42±5.2 NR NR 81 - - 5

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NR, not reported.

Table 2

Type 2 diabetes mellitus outcomes after gastric bypass in Asian (by BMI and follow-up time)

dmj-40-433-i002.jpg
Study Case no. Age, yr BMI, kg/m2 Duration of T2DM, yr HbA1c, % T2DM remission rate (HbA1c),% Follow-up, yr
<7 <6.5 <6.0
Kim et al. (2011) [33] 10 46.9 27.2 6.6 9.7 60 - - 0.5
Shah et al. (2010) [34] 15 45.6±12.0 28.9±4.0 8.7±5.3 10.1±2.0 - 100 - 0.75
Malapan et al. (2014) [35] 29 53 24.4±1.8 5.5 10±1.8 - 37.9 - 1
Liang et al. (2015) [43] 86 48.5 24.7±2.1 8.6±2.0 6.8±4.0 - - 23.3 1
Kim et al. (2014) [36] 172 46±11 25.3±3.2 9.6±5.2 9.0±1.7 53 - - 1
Dixon et al. (2013) [37] 103 47.5±9.6 26.0±3.0 7.1±1.6 9.1±1.6 67 - 30.1 1
Zhu et al. (2012) [38] 30 48.2±8.2 26.2±3.6 6.0±4.5 8.0±1.8 - 30 - 1
Lee et al. (2011) [12] 30 44.6±8.6 30.2±2.2 5.8±5.7 10.0±1.8 - 93 - 1
Huang et al. (2011) [39] 22 47.4±11.2 30.8±3.2 9.2 6.6±6.3 90.9 - 63.6 1
Liang et al. (2013) [40] 31 50.8±5.4 30.5±0.9 2.4±1.7 10.5±1.2 - 90 - 1
Lakdawala et al. (2013) [42] 52 49 32.6 8.4 8.8 96.2 73.1 - 1
Dixon et al. (2013) [41] 154 39.5±10.7 37.2±8.8 2.0 9.1±1.7 88 69.5 - 1
Park et al. (2015) [20] 134 42.3±11.1 37.9±5.2 4.6±5.8 8.0±1.5 - 61.8 46.1 1
Kim et al. (2011) [33] 116 46±11 25.3±3.2 9.6±5.2 9.0±1.7 63 - - 2
Ikramuddin et al. (2016) [3] 14 45.7±7.9 31.9±1.7 6.1±3.6 9.6±1.1 86 57 29 2
Tang et al. (2016) [29] 38 40.4±12.3 37.8±5.6 6.5±4.1 7.4±1.8 - 57.9 36.8 2
Yang et al. (2015) [28] 32 41.4±9.3 32.3±2.4 4.2±1.9 8.9±1.3 - 92.6 85.2 3
Lee et al. (2014) [24] 30 44.6±8.6 30.2±2.2 5.8±5.7 10.0±1.8 - 60.0 26.7 5
Lee et al. (2016) [22] 470 41.8±10.9 36.9±7.2 4.5±4.8 8.6±1.7 - - 63.8 5
Zhang et al. (2014) [25] 8 32.2 39.3±3.8 NR NR 87.5 - - 5
Lakdawala et al. (2013) [42] 52 49 32.6 8.4 8.8 96.2 57.7 - 5
Kular et al. (2014) [26] 63 NR 44±3.1 NR NR 92 - - 5
Jammu et al. (2016) [27] 95 42 50 NR NR - 88.4 - 5

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation.

BMI, body mass index; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NR, not reported.

Table 3

Type 2 diabetes mellitus remission of bariatric surgery versus medical treatment in Asian and non-Asian populations

dmj-40-433-i003.jpg
Study Study recruitment year Country Study type Intervention (n) Patients Follow-up duration Outcomes on DM remission
Ikramuddin et al. (2016) [3] 2008–2011 Taiwan and USA RCT Medical (16)
RYGB (14)
T2DM with BMI 30–35 kg/m2 2 yr DM remission: 0% vs. 90%
Liang et al. (2013) [40] 2008–2011 China RCT Usual care (36)
Exenatide (34)
RYGB (31)
T2DM with BMI >28 kg/m2 1 yr DM remission: 0% vs. 0% vs. 57%
Palikhe et al. (2014) [50] 2011–2012 India RCT Intensive Medical therapy(17)
LSG (14)
T2DM with BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2 1 yr DM resolution: 0% vs. 39%
Heo et al. (2012) [54] 2008–2011 Korea Retrospective cohort study Weight control medication and lifestyle modification therapy (224)
Bariatric surgery (261)
Obese patients with or without comorbids 18 mo DM resolution: 10% vs. 57%
Cummings et al. (2016) [51] 2011–2012 USA RCT ILMI (20)
RYGB (23)
T2DM with BMI <35 kg/m2 1 yr Diabetes remission: 5.9% vs. 60.0%
Mingrone et al. (2015) [52] 2009 Italy RCT Medical treatment (20)
RYGB (20)
Biliopancreatic diversion (20)
T2DM with BMI ≥35 kg/m2 5 yr Diabetes remission at 5 years: 0% vs. 37% vs. 63%
Relapse of hyperglycaemia in patients who achieved 2 year remission: RYGB (53%) vs. BPD (37%)
Schauer et al. (2014) [4] 2007–2011 USA RCT Intensive medical therapy alone (50)
RYGB (50)
LSG (50)
T2DM with BMI 27–43 kg/m2 1 yr DM remission: 12% vs. 42% vs. 37%
Ikramuddin et al. (2016) [3] 2008–2010 USA RCT LS/IMM (60)
RYGB (60)
T2DM with BMI 30–39.9 kg/m2 1 yr Achieved primary composite end point (HbA1c <7.0%, LDL-C <100 mg/dL, and SBP <130 mm Hg): 19% vs. 49%
HbA1c <7.0%: 32% vs. 75%
Dixon et al. (2008) [53] 2006–2008 Australia RCT Medical/conventional (30)
LAGB (30)
T2DM with BMI
>30 to <40 kg/m2
2 yr DM remission: 13% vs. 73%

DM, diabetes mellitus; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; LSG, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy; ILMI, intensive lifestyle and medical intervention; BPD, biliopancreatic diversion; LS/IMM, lifestyle modification and intensive medical management; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; LAGB, laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding.

Table 4

Randomized trials on metabolic surgery in Asia

dmj-40-433-i004.jpg
Study Year Country Patients Follow-up duration, yr Intervention (n) Outcomes Conclusion
Lee et al. (2011) [12] 2007–2008 Taiwan T2DM with BMI 25–35 kg/m2 5 LSG (30)
SAGB(30)
DM remission 30% vs. 60%
Similar weight loss
SAGB group had a higher incretin effect than the SG
SAGB was more likely to achieve better glycemic control than SG
Ikramuddin et al. (2016) [3] 2008–2011 Taiwan and USA T2DM with BMI 30–35 kg/m2 2 Medical (16)
RYGB (14)
DM remission 0% vs. 0% vs. 90%
Better weight loss in RYGB
RYGB was more likely to achieve better glycemic control than medical treatment in both Taiwanese and American mild obese subjects with T2DM
Kasama et al. (2008) [17] 2008–2011 China T2DM with BMI >28 kg/m2 1 Usual care (36)
Exenatide (34)
RYGB (31)
DM remission 0% vs. 57%
Significant decrease in hypertension medication in RYGB
RYGB improves a number of parameters including cardiovascular function in obese hypertensive people with T2DM
Yang et al. (2015) [28] 2009–2014 China T2DM with BMI 28–35 kg/m2 3 LSG (32)
RYGB (32)
DM remission 78.6% vs. 85.2% had %EWL 92.3% vs. 81.9%
Similar improvement in serum lipids
SG had similar positive effects on diabetes and dyslipidemia compared to RYGB
Tang et al. (2016) [29] 2011–2013 China T2DM with BMI >28 kg/m2 2 LSG (34)
RYGB (38)
DM remission is comparable 50% vs. 36.8%
Similar weight loss: cost-effectiveness
LSG is a cost-effective intervention for managing T2DM

T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; LSG, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy; SAGB, single anastomosis gastric bypass; DM, diabetes mellitus; SG, sleeve gastrectomy; RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; EWL, excess weight loss.

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Insulin resistance levels predicted metabolic improvement and weight loss after metabolic surgery in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes
      Yaoquan Cao, Ping Luo, Haibo Tang, Pengzhou Li, Guohui Wang, Weizheng Li, Zhi Song, Zhihong Su, Xulong Sun, Xianhao Yi, Zhibing Fu, Beibei Cui, Shaihong Zhu, Liyong Zhu
      Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases.2024; 20(1): 80.     CrossRef
    • Long‐term outcomes of metabolic surgery in overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes in Asia
      Yu‐Min Huang, Yen‐Kuang Lin, Wei‐Jei Lee, Kyoung Yul Hur, Kazunori Kasama, Anton Kui Sing Cheng, Ming‐Hsien Lee, Simon Kin‐Hung Wong, Tien‐Chou Soong, Kuo‐Ting Lee, Davide Lomanto, Muffazal Lakdawala, Yen‐Hao Su, Weu Wang
      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2021; 23(3): 742.     CrossRef
    • Vertical sleeve gastrectomy induces distinctive transcriptomic responses in liver, fat and muscle
      Chang Ho Ahn, Eun Hye Choi, Hyunjung Lee, Woochan Lee, Jong-Il Kim, Young Min Cho
      Scientific Reports.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Insulin Resistance Remission Following Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With a Body Mass Index of 27.5–32.5 kg/m2
      Ping Luo, Yaoquan Cao, Pengzhou Li, Guohui Wang, Zhi Song, Weizheng Li, Zhihong Su, Hui Zhou, Xianhao Yi, Zhibing Fu, Xulong Sun, Haibo Tang, Beibei Cui, Qianqian Yu, Liyong Zhu, Shaihong Zhu
      Frontiers in Physiology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Pre- and postoperative respiratory muscle strength, body mass index and fasting glucose profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus submitted to metabolic surgery
      Ariana de Melo Tosta, Marisa de Carvalho Borges, Élida Mara Carneiro da Silva, Alex Augusto da Silva, Eduardo Crema
      Fisioterapia em Movimento.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Outcomes After Metabolic Surgery in Asians—a Meta-analysis
      Danson Yeo, Charleen Yeo, Tze Yi Low, Saleem Ahmed, Sheena Phua, Aung Myint Oo, Jaideepraj Rao, Aaryan Koura, Kavita Venkataraman, Sanghvi Kaushal
      Obesity Surgery.2019; 29(1): 114.     CrossRef
    • Diabetes resolution after one anastomosis gastric bypass
      Adam Abu-Abeid, Yonatan Lessing, Niv Pencovich, Danit Dayan, Joseph M. Klausner, Subhi Abu-Abeid
      Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases.2018; 14(2): 181.     CrossRef
    • Laparoscopic metabolic surgery for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Asia: a scoping review and evidence-based analysis
      Zhiyong Dong, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Ashley M. Yu, Rui Qu, Bingsheng Guan, Junchang Zhang, Zhao Hong, Cunchuang Wang
      BMC Surgery.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Obesity in the United Arab Emirates
      Salahedeen Abusnana, Mohammad Fargaly, Shaima Hasan Alfardan, Fatema Hasan Al Hammadi, Alaaeldin Bashier, Ghaida Kaddaha, Barbara McGowan, Rita Nawar, Amena Sadiya
      Obesity Facts.2018; 11(5): 413.     CrossRef
    • Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy combined with single-anastomosis duodenal-jejunal bypass in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus of patients with body mass index higher than 27.5 kg/m2 but lower than 32.5 kg/m2
      Ying-Xu Li, Deng-Hua Fang, Tian-Xi Liu
      Medicine.2018; 97(31): e11537.     CrossRef
    • Comparison of Great Curvature Plication with Duodenal-Jejunal Bypass (GCP-DJB) and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) on Metabolic Indices and Gut Hormones in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats
      Nian-Cun Qiu, Wei Li, Miao-E Liu, Xiao-Xia Cen, Cheng-Xiang Shan, Wei Zhang, Qing Liu, Yang Wang, Ya-Ting Zhu, Ming Qiu
      Obesity Surgery.2018; 28(12): 4014.     CrossRef
    • Evolution of Diabetes Care in Hong Kong: From the Hong Kong Diabetes Register to JADE-PEARL Program to RAMP and PEP Program
      Ivy H.Y. Ng, Kitty K.T. Cheung, Tiffany T.L. Yau, Elaine Chow, Risa Ozaki, Juliana C.N. Chan
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2018; 33(1): 17.     CrossRef
    • Ethnicity Does Not Influence Glycemic Outcomes or Diabetes Remission After Sleeve Gastrectomy or Gastric Bypass in a Multiethnic Asian Cohort
      Phong Ching Lee, Kwang Wei Tham, Sonali Ganguly, Hong Chang Tan, Alvin Kim Hock Eng, John B. Dixon
      Obesity Surgery.2018; 28(6): 1511.     CrossRef
    • Effects of GABAB receptor activation on spatial cognitive function and hippocampal neurones in rat models of type 2 diabetes mellitus
      Xiao-Jun Cai, Lei Wang, Chun-Mei Hu
      Bioscience Reports.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Metabolic surgery ameliorates cardiovascular risk in obese diabetic patients: Influence of different surgical procedures
      Jih-Hua Wei, Ruey-Hsing Chou, Po-Hsun Huang, Wei-Jei Lee, Shu-Chun Chen, Shing-Jong Lin
      Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases.2018; 14(12): 1832.     CrossRef
    • Pulmonary function evaluation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients submitted to metabolic surgery
      Ariana de Melo Tosta, Marisa de Carvalho Borges, Élida Mara Carneiro da Silva, Tharsus Dias Takeuti, Júverson Alves Terra Júnior, Eduardo Crema
      Fisioterapia em Movimento.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Metabolic Surgery for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Experience from Asia
      Diabetes Metab J. 2016;40(6):433-443.   Published online December 2, 2016
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Figure
    Related articles

    Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal