Table 1Age, gender, and age- and gender-adjusted clinical characteristics between patients who had and had not received diabetes education
Characteristic |
Diabetes education (−) |
Diabetes education (+) |
P value |
No./weighted no. |
1,007/1,740,621 |
248/410,111 |
|
Age, yr |
60 (59–61) |
57 (55–59) |
<0.001 |
Male sex, % |
51.9 (48.1–55.6) |
53.4 (46.0–60.7) |
0.727 |
Household income, 10 thousands KRW/mo |
241.7 (192.3–291.1) |
234.5 (196.7–272.2) |
0.823 |
Rural resident, % |
23 (19–27) |
19 (13–25) |
0.154 |
Manual worker, % |
30.7 (26.8–34.6) |
17.5 (11.9–23.1) |
<0.001 |
College graduation, % |
12.0 (9.2–14.7) |
21.7 (15.8–27.6) |
0.004 |
Alcohol ≥4/wk, % |
8.7 (6.6–7.6) |
7.4 (3.7–11.1) |
0.555 |
Current smoking, % |
23.1 (19.9–26.3) |
17.3 (11.9–22.6) |
0.055 |
Regular exercise ≥5/wk |
13 (11–16) |
14 (8–19) |
0.940 |
Daily calories intake, kcal/day |
1,770 (1,693–1,848) |
1,661 (1,560–1,763) |
0.090 |
Daily carbohydrate intake, g/day |
305.0 (292.0–317.9) |
286.1 (269.3–302.8) |
0.089 |
Daily protein intake, g/day |
61.5 (58.8–64.3) |
61.2 (56.5–65.9) |
0.886 |
Daily fat intake, g/day |
27.8 (25.9–29.8) |
29.1 (25.9–32.3) |
0.491 |
Diabetes duration, yr |
7.1 (6.6–7.6) |
10.0 (9.0–11.1) |
<0.001 |
Diabetes diagnosed age, yr |
52.6 (52.1–53.1) |
49.6 (48.5–50.6) |
<0.001 |
Insulin treatment, % |
5 (4–7) |
20 (14–25) |
<0.001 |
Hypertension, % |
52 (49–56) |
49 (42–56) |
0.410 |
Hypercholesterolemia, % |
20 (17–23) |
23 (17–29) |
0.386 |
Stroke, % |
6 (4–8) |
5 (3–8) |
0.579 |
Coronary heart disease, % |
5 (4–7) |
8 (5–11) |
0.150 |
End stage renal disease, % |
1 (0–2) |
3 (1-5) |
0.082 |
Depression, % |
4 (3–5) |
5 (2–7) |
0.670 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
|
25.1 (24.8–25.3) |
24.9 (24.5–25.4) |
0.643 |
Waist circumference, cm |
87.6 (86.9–88.4) |
87.3 (86.0–88.6) |
0.656 |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
126.4 (125.1–127.6) |
126.7 (124.0–129.4) |
0.819 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg |
77.9 (77.1–78.8) |
77.8 (76.3–79.4) |
0.916 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
190.1 (187.1–193.0) |
185.9 (179.5–192.3) |
0.226 |
HDL-C, mg/dL |
45.0 (44.0–46.0) |
44.7 (43.1–46.2) |
0.730 |
Triglyceride, mg/dL |
177.7 (167.2–188.1) |
201.4 (159.6–243.2) |
0.289 |
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL |
139.1 (135.2–143.0) |
153.5 (143.8–163.2) |
0.008 |
HbA1c, % |
7.4 (7.2–7.5) |
7.6 (7.4–7.9) |
0.051 |
Table 2Odds ratio for participation in diabetes education
Variable |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P value |
Age |
0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
0.209 |
Female sex |
0.91 (0.57–1.45) |
0.695 |
Diabetes duration |
1.04 (1.01–1.06) |
0.004 |
Fasting plasma glucose |
1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
0.074 |
Alcohol ≥4/wk |
0.84 (0.43–1.65) |
0.617 |
Non-smoking |
1.42 (0.87–2.32) |
0.156 |
Occupation |
|
|
White collar vs. blue collar |
0.73 (0.39–1.35) |
0.315 |
None |
1.41 (0.81–2.46) |
0.228 |
Household income |
|
|
Highest quartile vs. 3rd quartile |
0.89 (0.52–1.53) |
0.680 |
2nd quartile |
0.87 (0.54–1.39) |
0.548 |
1st quartile |
0.69 (0.42–1.14) |
0.146 |
Educational backgrounds |
|
|
College vs. senior high school |
0.61 (0.34–1.12) |
0.112 |
Junior high school |
0.47 (0.24–0.91) |
0.026 |
Elementary school |
0.34 (0.17–0.65) |
0.001 |
Non-insulin treatment |
0.37 (0.21–0.64) |
<0.001 |